天主教耶稣会会士对地震学的贡献

天主教耶稣会作为一个社会公共机构，通过下属自己的学院和大学，以及通过其个别科学家成员，对地震学所做的贡献，在地震学这门科学的发展历史中占有重要地位。这特别体现在这门科学发展的早期阶段。有几篇论文，如Sanchez Navarro-Neumann（1928，1937）、Heck（1944）（他把自己的毕生精力全都花在美国的耶稣会方面）以及Linehan（1970，1984）的文章，有趣而简短地描述了耶稣会会士在地震学方面的部分工作。然而他们最近的或者综合性的工作却不涉及这个题目，关于这方面新近的成果或者综合性的研究都是一个空白。另外，最近许多耶稣会的地震台站被关闭了，     

机器学习应用于地震预警中的地震波判别研究

由于天然或人为干扰产生的局部脉冲式噪声影响,使得地震预警系统出现误报。为减少此类问题,我们利用美国南加州和日本的30万条地震波形记录,训练了一个生成式对抗网络(GAN)用于识别P波初至特征。我们将GAN判别器作为自动特征提取器,并利用70万条地震事件和噪声波形记录训练了一个随机森林分类器。结果表明,该方法可以辨别99.2%的P波和98.4%的噪声信号。其优越的性能有望极大地减少因局部脉冲式噪声而造成的误触发数量。我们的研究表明,GAN判别器能获取简洁有效的地震波形特征,可广泛应用于地震学研究。小结地震预警系统受到脉冲式噪声信号的干扰(非真实地震信号),有时偶尔会出现误触发的情况。这会造成不必要的经济损失和公众恐慌。本文利用机器学习工具判别波形是由地震产生的还是由局部噪声源产生的。我们通过利用美国南加州和日本大约70万条波形来训练算法。研究表明,利用机器学习方法可以识别99.2%的地震和98.4%的噪声。该方法可以减少大量的误报,能显著改善地震预警系统的鲁棒性。     

Uniform head in horizontal and vertical wells

The steady-state head within a fully penetrating well may be estimated by evaluating the Thiem equation at the radius of the well. A method is presented here to extend results from the Thiem equation to horizontal wells and to partially penetrating wells. The particular model used in this investigation is based upon the analytic element method; it accurately reproduces a boundary condition of uniform head along the cylindrical surface at the perforated face of the well. This model is exercised over a representative range of parameters including the well's length, radius, and pumping rate, and the aquifer's hydraulic conductivity and thickness. Results are presented in a set of figures and tables that compare the well's drawdown to the drawdown that would have been obtained using the Thiem solution with the same pumping rate and radius. A methodology is presented to estimate the head within a horizontal or partially penetrating well by adding a correction term to results that can be readily obtained from computer models of vertical fully penetrating wells. This approach may also be used to contrast the differences in head between horizontal and vertical wells of various lengths, radii, and placement elevations.     

A mechanism for anomalous decline in radon precursory to an earthquake

Mechanisms for interpreting anomalous decreases in radon in ground water prior to earthquakes are examined with the help of a case study to show that radon potentially is a sensitive tracer of strain changes in the crust preceding an earthquake. The 2003 Chengkung earthquake of magnitude (M) 6.8 on December 10, 2003, was the strongest earthquake near the Chengkung area in eastern Taiwan since 1951. The Antung radon-monitoring station was located 20 km from the epicenter. Approximately 65 d prior to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake, precursory changes in radon concentration in ground water were observed. Specifically, radon decreased from a background level of 780 pCi/L to a minimum of 330 pCi/L. The Antung hot spring is situated in a fractured block of tuffaceous sandstone surrounded by ductile mudstone. Given these geological conditions, we hypothesized that the dilation of brittle rock mass occurred at a rate faster than the recharge of pore water and gas saturation developed in newly created cracks preceding the earthquake. Radon partitioning into the gas phase may explain the anomalous decrease of radon precursory to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake. To support the hypothesis, vapor-liquid, two-phase radon-partitioning experiments were conducted at formation temperature (60 degrees C) using formation brine from the Antung hot spring. Experimental data indicated that the decrease in radon required a gas saturation of 10% developed in rock cracks. The observed decline in radon can be correlated with the increase in gas saturation and then with the volumetric strain change for a given fracture porosity.     

平面SV波入射下半圆凸起地形地表运动解析解

采用波函数展开法,并借助辅助函数思想,给出了平面SV波入射下半圆凸起地形地表运动的一个解析解,并对解答的收敛性和截断计算精度进行了检验;最后通过若干算例分析了入射频率和入射角度以及凸起地形宽度对地表运动的影响. 数值结果表明,凸起地形对入射SV波具有显著的放大作用, 该放大作用可达自由场的4倍以上. 当入射频率较低时, 位移峰值多位于半空间地表; 而当入射频率较高时,位移峰值多位于凸起地形表面.      

大陆地壳（二）

全球地壳厚度等值线图(图6)显示了地壳厚度的双峰标度。海洋盆地的地壳厚度为6～7km(不包括4～5km的水层)，而大陆部分的平均厚度为39．7km。在海洋一大陆边缘的典型地壳厚度是30km，并向大陆内部逐渐增厚到40～45km。厚度超过50km的地壳局限在几个地区，包括中国西部的青     

Overcoming flood and desiccation made by implementing artificial recharge toward absorption reservoir

Flood and desiccation are perceived as two most critical and influential disasters which contradict between causes and consequences. Flood occurs when the water surface could no longer flow the whole water flow, thus, the water flooded. Contradicted to that, desiccation occurs when the water flow contains a low volume of water deposit, thus, the water requirement exceeds the available potential. That condition was caused by land utilization as the consequences due to the increased land requirement for housing or industrial needs. An attempt to overcome the flood, nowadays, is implemented mostly in a structural way, through building canals, implementing rivers normalization, building gateways or building flood control pump which are more directed toward the flood direction in order to increase the surface flow in an immediate maner to the sea. However, the effort to overcome the flood its self, could be more effective if followed by an effort to increase the soil ability to absorb natural recharge or artificial recharge or by refilling the water into the earth surface. Absorption reservoir used as one of technology alternatives （artificial recharge） could also be used to support the attempt to overcome flood and desiccation. Absorption reservoir is a dam which was designed according to the basic principles, such as the bottom surface of the reservoir that has a high permeability surface; the surface of the reservoir water is higher （higher aquifer） along with a high permeability, considering the availability of water source that has been absorbed and its quality; considering the aquifer category on the water absorption dam;     

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.     

Numerical Experiment on Two-Dimensional Line Thermal

The time evolution of a two-dimensional line thermal-a turbulent flow produced by an initial element with signifi-cant buoyancy released in a large water body, is numerically studied with the two-equation k - e model for turbulence closure. The numerical results show that the thermal is characterized by a vortex pair flow and a kidney shaped concentra-tion structure with double peak maxima; the computed flow details and scalar mixing characteristics can be described by self-similar relations beyond a dimensionless time around 10. There are two regions in the flow field of a line thermal: a mixing region where the concentration of tracer fluid is high and the flow is turbulent and rotational with a pair of vortex eyes, and an ambient region where the concentration is zero and the flow is potential and well-described by a model of doublet with strength very close to those given by early experimental and analytical studies. The added virtual mass coeffi-cient of the thermal motion is found to be approximat     

大厂锡多金属矿床热液喷气沉积的证据——含矿建造及热液沉积岩

通过对大厂锡多金属矿床含矿建造特征及容矿岩石的岩石学、地球化学研究,探讨了矿床形成的地质环境,证明了主要容矿岩石是从海底热卤水系统中以化学沉淀方式形成的热液沉积岩。