Handlotungen und Echolotungen in der Seevermessung geringer Wassertiefen in strömenden Gewässern — eine kritische Betrachtung

Zusammenfassung Vergleichslotungen zwischen Echolot und Handlot führen zu einer mathematischen Ableitung der Handlotleinen-Kurve in strömenden Gewässern. Durch Einführung von zwei Vereinfachungen — Vernachlässigung des Lotleinen-Gewichts und Annahme der Konstanz der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit nach der Tiefe — wird theoretisch die Kettenlinie, praktisch eine Parabel ermittelt. Als bestimmend für den Parameter der Kettenlinie ergeben sich das Lotgewicht und der Staudruck auf die Lotleine. Aus einem praktischen Beispiel wird der Parameter entnommen, und es werden für diese Verhältnisse die für die Tiefenwerte bis 26 m zu erwartenden Fehlmessungen des Handlotes sowie die Größe der Ablagen der Lotbirne vom Lotpunkt berechnet. Für andere Werte der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit werden die Veränderungen auf die Ausbuchtung der Lotleine ebenfalls rechnerisch bestimmt und in Kurven dargestellt. Aus diesen Kurven ergeben sich zwangsläufig die größten Tiefen, die man bei verschiedenen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten mit dem schweren Handlot vermessen darf; sie liegen bei v=1 m/sec bei 8 m, bei v=0,7 m/sec bei 12 m und bei v=0,5 m/sec bei 20 m Wassertiefe.Praktische Beispiele der Seevermessung aus der jüngsten Zeit zeigen deutlich die Notwendigkeit, zukünftig nur noch mit dem Echolot zu vermessen.

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A comment on the applicability of hand leads and echo sounders to surveying operations in flowing shallow waters

Summary From comparisons between hand-lead soundings and echo soundings in streaming waters the divergency of the lead line from the vertical is mathematically derived. In introducing two simplifications, i. e. in neglecting the weight of the lead line and in assuming the velocity of current to be constant at all depths, the catenary curve which practically speaking is a parabola, is theoretically ascertained. The weight of the lead and the dynamic pressuro of the water (the pressure as exerted on a jet and measured by it) are found to be decisive for the parameter of the catenary-curve. The parameter is derived from a practical example and, according to the conditions of same, the errors to be expected in sounding with the hand lead at depths up to 26 m (= 79 ft) as well as the divergency of the sounding lead from the vertical are calculated. The various degrees of the lead line's divergency caused by a greater or lesser intensity of the current are likewise calculated and represented by curves. These curves necessarily indicate the maximum depths that can be sounded with sufficient accuracy with the heavy hand lead (5 kilos) at different velocities of current; the approximate values are as follows: 8 m for 1,0 m/sec, 12 m for 0,7 m/sec, 20 m for 0,5 m/sec (or: 25 ft for 2,0 knots, 37 ft for 1,5 knots, 61 ft for 1,0 knot). As a result of practical experience in recent survey operations the echo sounder should be regarded as the only reliable instrument to be used in future surveying.

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Note critique sur l'applicabilité de la sonde au plomb-poisson et celle du sondeur acoustique aux levés hydrographiques effectués en faibles profondeurs dans les eaux courantes

Résumé Les comparaisons des sondages au plomb-poisson avec ceux effectués par écho permettent d'en dériver mathématiquement la courbe formée par la ligne de sonde dans des eaux courantes. En introduisant deux simplifications, c'est à dire en négligeant le poids de la ligne et en supposant que la vitesse de courant soit constante dans toutes les profondeurs on arrive à déterminer théoriquement la chaînette qui est en effet une parabole. Le paramètre est fonction du poids du plomb-poisson et celle de la poussée sensiblement horizontale sur le fil due au frottement du liquide. On se sert d'un exemple pratique pour en dériver le paramètre, pour calculer, dans les conditions de cet exemple, les sondages faux de la sonde au plomb-poisson dont il faut tenir compte dans les profondeurs jusqu'à 26 m, et pour déterminer la déviation entre le plomb au bout de la ligne et la verticale. Les diverses variations de la courbe, que la ligne subit et qui sont causées par d'autres valeurs de la vitesse de courant sont aussi calculées et représentées à l'aide des courbes. Ces courbes indiquent forcément les profondeurs permettant encore une précision suffisante du sondage au plombpoisson lourd (5 kg) aux différentes variations de la vitesse de courant. Ces maxima sont à peu près comme suit:v=1,0 m/sec à 8 m de profondeur,v=0,7 m/sec à 12 m de profondeur,v=0,5 m/sec à 20 m de profondeur. Des exemples pratiques offerts par des récentes levés hydrographiques prouvent que le sondeur acoustique doit être considéré comme le seul instrument assurant le précis levé hydrographique.

     

Über die Änderung des Tagesganges der Luftfeuchtigkeit mit der Höhe im Gebirge

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von Registrierungen an eng benachbarten Stationen, die im obersten Salzachtal im Land Salzburg in verschiedenen Höhenlagen zwischen Tal (900 m) und Kammhöhe (2000 m) des begleitenden Gebirgszuges gelegen waren, werden Tagesgänge der relativen Feuchtigkeit, des Dampfdrucks und der spezifischen Feuchtigkeit für Schönwettertage abgeleitet (Tab. 2). Im Vergleich dieser Stationen zeigt sich der Übergang der Form der Tagesgänge der relativen Feuchtigkeit (Abb. 2 und 3) und des Dampfdrucks (Abb. 4) von dem Typ der Niederung zu dem der Bergstationen. Der Einfluß der Konvektion und der über die feuchten Hänge streichenden Hangaufwinde auf diese Umgestaltung der Tagesgänge wird für die einzelnen Jahreszeiten quantitativ nachgewiesen und diskutiert.

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Summary Using records taken at closely neighbouring stations situated in the uppermost valley of the Salzach in the province of Salzburg at different levels between the valley-bottom (900 m) and the height of the adjacent mountain-ridge (2000 m) the diurnal variation of relative humidity, vapor pressure and specific humidity are derived for fair weather days (Tab. 2). The comparison of these stations shows the transition of the diurnal variation of relative humidity (Fig. 2 and 3) and vapor pressure (Fig. 4) from the ground type to that of the mountain stations. The influence of the convection and of the ascending currents passing over the moist slopes upon this modification of the diurnal variation is quantitatively proved and discussed for the different seasons.

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Résumé Sur la base d'enregistrements à des stations étroitement voisines situées dans la vallée la plus haute de la Salzach en province de Salzbourg à des niveaux differents entre la vallée (900 m) et l'altitude de la crête de la chaine adjacente de montagnes (2000 m) les variations diurnes de l'humidité relative, de la pression de vapeur et de l'humidité spécifique sont derivées pour les jours de beau temps (Tab. 2). En comparaison de cettes stations la transition de la forme des variations diurnes de l'humidité relative (Fig. 2 et 3) et de la pression de vapeur (Fig. 4) se présente du type de vallée à celui des stations de montagne. L'influence de la convection et des courants ascendants passant sur les pentes humides sur la transformation des variations diurnes est démontrée quantitativement et discutée.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.     

Nachweis von DNA-Schäden in aquatischen Protozoen und Algen mit der Mikrogelelektrophorese (comet assay) für eine gentoxikologische Gewässergütebewertung von Oberflächenwasser

Die Beurteilung des gentoxischen Potentials in Oberflächenwasser erfordert Testmethoden, die DNA-Schäden in relevanten Organismen der aquatischen Biozönose hinreichend empfindlich erfassen. Die Mikrogelelektrophorese (MGE), auch comet assay genannt, ist solch ein gentoxikologischer Indikatortest, mit dem DNA-Strangbrüche und Alkalilabile Stellen der DNA eukaryontischer Organismen bzw. Zeilen sensitiv nachgewiesen werden können. In der vorliegenden Studie werden Ergebnisse des Einsatzes der Mikrogelelektrophorese an einzelligen Grünalgen der Spezies Chlamydomonas reinhardtii und Protozoen der Spezies Acanthamöba castellanii vorgestellt. Es werden Validierungsuntersuchungen mit gentoxischen Einzelsubstanzen wie z.B. 4-Nitrochinolin-1-oxid, Benzo(a)pyren usw. präsentiert. Außerdem wird die Untersuchung einer nativen Wasserprobe der Weißen Elster, die mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen eines EPA-Standards aufgestockt wurde, vorgestellt. Die beiden Testorganismen wiesen erwartungsgemäß eine unterschiedliche Sensitivität gegenüber verschiedenen Einzelsubstanzen auf. Die niedrigsten Effektkonzentrationen für beide Organismen konnten für 4-Nitrochinolin-1-oxid mit 1...10 μg/L ermittelt werden.     

Heavy metals in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis>, suspended particulate matter and sediment from offshore submerged longline system,Black Sea

The study was performed between March 2009 and March 2010 at the Sinop Inner Harbor on cultured mussels at the offshore submerged longline system. The samples of mussels, sediment and suspended particulate matter were seasonally taken for the purpose of monitoring differences of metal contents. In addition, burnable organic matter, contamination factors (CF), pollution load index (PLI) in sediment samples, meat yield of mussels were seasonally determined. All metals in suspended particulate matter were found to be above the national limit. Cd concentration in sediment was above the limit according to sediment quality guidelines, and Cd concentration in mussel was above both national and international limit values. According to CF and PLI identified in sediment, it was found that Inner Harbor was under the effect of anthropogenic pollution in terms of Cd accumulation. Provisional tolerable weekly intake calculated in mussel did not exceed the tolerable consumption values. In conclusion, it can be said that this region considered for commercial mussel cultivation is not a suitable area.     

The Wave-Front Correction System for the Sunrise Balloon-Borne Solar Observatory

This paper describes the wave-front correction system developed for the Sunrise balloon telescope, and it provides information about its in-flight performance. For the correction of low-order aberrations, a Correlating Wave-Front Sensor (CWS) was used. It consisted of a six-element Shack??C?Hartmann wave-front sensor (WFS), a fast tip-tilt mirror for the compensation of image motion, and an active telescope secondary mirror for focus correction. The CWS delivered a stabilized image with a precision of 0.04?arcsec (rms), whenever the coarse pointing was better than ???45?arcsec peak-to-peak. The automatic focus adjustment maintained a focus stability of 0.01?waves in the focal plane of the CWS. During the 5.5?day flight, good image quality and stability were achieved during 33?hours, containing 45?sequences, which lasted between 10 and 45?min.     

The Effects of the Earth’s Curvature on Gravity and Geoid Calculations

While it is obvious that large-scale gravity studies should account for the sphericity of the Earth, each case should be examined. If a geometry model is very large for the 3D-gravity calculation, it cannot be correctly defined in Cartesian coordinates. Because of the Earth’s curvature it is necessary to use spherical coordinates, the importance of which is shown in this paper. The calculation of the gravity for a cylinder reveals, 1 m above the center of the cylinder, a relative difference of 13% between the models with Cartesian and spherical coordinates.     

Joint inversion of teleseismic P waveforms and surface-wave group velocities from ambient seismic noise in the Bohemian Massif

Joint inversion of teleseismic P-waveforms and local group velocities of surface waves retrieved from ambient seismic noise has been performed to model velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the Bohemian Massif. We analysed P-waveforms of 381 teleseismic earthquakes recorded at 54 broadband seismic stations located on the territory of the Czech Republic and in its close surroundings. Group velocities of Rayleigh and Love surface waves were obtained by cross-correlating long-term recordings of seismic noise. The basis for waveform inversion is the well-known methodology of P-to-S receiver functions constructed from converted phases. Due to instabilities in direct inversion of receiver functions caused by the necessity of applying deconvolution, we propose an alternative formulation to fit observed and calculated radial components of P waveforms. The joint inversion is transformed into a search for the minimum of the cost function defined as a weighted sum of waveform and group velocity misfits. With the use of the robust stochastic optimizer (Differential Evolution Algorithm), neither derivatives nor a starting model are needed. The task was solved for 1D layered isotropic models of the crust and the uppermost mantle. We have performed a sequence of inversions with models containing one, two, three and four layers above a half-space. By using statistical criteria (F-test) we were able to select the simplest velocity models satisfying data and representing local geological structures. Complex crustal models are typical for stations located close to boundaries of major tectonic units. The relatively low average P to S wave-velocity ratio is in agreement with the generally accepted view that the BM crust is predominantly felsic.     

A geochemical approach to constraining the formation of glassy fallout debris from nuclear tests

Glassy nuclear fallout debris from near-surface nuclear tests is fundamentally reprocessed earth material. A geochemical approach to analysis of glassy fallout is uniquely suited to determine the means of reprocessing and shed light on the mechanisms of fallout formation. An improved understanding of fallout formation is of interest both for its potential to guide post-detonation nuclear forensic investigations and in the context of possible affinities between glassy debris and other glasses generated by high-energy natural events, such as meteorite impacts and lightning strikes. This study presents a large major-element compositional dataset for glasses within aerodynamic fallout from the Trinity nuclear test (“trinitite”) and a geochemically based analysis of the glass compositional trends. Silica-rich and alkali-rich trinitite glasses show compositions and textures consistent with formation through melting of individual mineral grains—quartz and alkali feldspar, respectively—from the test-site sediment. The volumetrically dominant glass phase—called the CaMgFe glass—shows extreme major-element compositional variability. Compositional trends in the CaMgFe glass are most consistent with formation through volatility-controlled condensation from compositionally heterogeneous plasma. Radioactivity occurs only in CaMgFe glass, indicating that co-condensation of evaporated bulk ground material and trace device material was the main mechanism of radioisotope incorporation into trinitite. CaMgFe trinitite glasses overlap compositionally with basalts, rhyolites, fulgurites, tektites, and microtektites but display greater compositional diversity than all of these naturally formed glasses. Indeed, the most refractory CaMgFe glasses compositionally resemble early solar system condensates—specifically, CAIs.     

Segmented seismicity of the M w 6.2 Baladeh earthquake sequence (Alborz Mountains, Iran) revealed from regional moment tensors

The M _w 6.2 Baladeh earthquake occurred on 28 May 2004 in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. This earthquake was the first strong shock in this intracontinental orogen for which digital regional broadband data are available. The Baladeh event provides a rare opportunity to study fault geometry and ongoing deformation processes using modern seismological methods. A joint inversion for hypocentres and a velocity model plus a surface-wave group dispersion curve analysis were used to obtain an adapted velocity model, customised for mid- and long-period waveform modelling. Based on the new velocity model, regional waveform data of the mainshock and larger aftershocks (M _w ?≥3.3) were inverted for moment tensors. For the Baladeh mainshock, this included inversion for kinematic parameters. All analysed earthquakes show dominant thrust mechanisms at depths between 14 and 26 km, with NW–SE striking fault planes. The mainshock ruptured a 28° south-dipping area of 24 × 21 km along a north-easterly direction. The rupture plane of the mainshock does not coincide with the aftershock distribution, neither in map view nor with respect to depth. The considered aftershocks form two main clusters. The eastern cluster is associated with the mainshock. The western cluster does not appear to be connected with the rupture plane of the mainshock but, instead, indicates a second activated fault plane dipping at 85° towards the north.     

Occurrence and use of mineral and thermal waters in Poland

Mineral and thermal waters are defined according to Polish geological and mining law. Their occurrence in particular hydrogeological provinces of the country is characterized. Besides their use in balneotherapeutics, their role as a heat carrier and source of chemical raw materials is stressed. Topics mentioned requiring further research are: the origin of saline formation waters and the origin of CO₂ in carbonated waters.