Klimazonen der Verwitterung und ihre Bedeutung für die jüngste geologische Geschichte Deutschlands

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Eine Kartierung der Bewegungsspuren im obersten Höllental (Schwarzwald)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Dynamic character of the hydrothermal vent habitat and the nature of sulphide chimney fauna

A major substratum for vent organisms on Juan de Fuca and Explorer Ridges of the northeast Pacific is the polymetallic sulphide chimney. The deposition processes and subsequent growth of such chimneys provide a dynamic and extreme habitat that changes rapidly. During initial venting stages, colonization must await stabilization of the chimney structure. As the porous anhydrite shell accumulates sulphide minerals, protection from direct hot water contact increases for organisms colonizing the outer walls while sufficient vent water still diffuses for the support of chemosynthesis. Vestimentiferan worms are found on small sulphide mounds but the active growth and collapse of anhydrite spires is a major source of disruption and mortality. High temperature venting and spire growth appear to attract alvinellid polychaetes which may be implicated in the process of strengthening and sealing the anhydrite spires. Fauna on the growing chimney is subject to changes in fluid flow patterns that can make the structure uninhabitable. Large chimneys are inhabited by more species indicating that a diversification of habitat results from variations in mineralization and fluid availability. Chimney fauna has become specialized in exploiting an unpredictable and unstable habitat in an extreme example of the control of biotic development by the physical environment.     

Land subsidence pattern controlled by old alpine basement faults in the Kashmar Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR and levelling

Fluid storage systems, such as oil, gas, magma or water reservoirs, are often controlled by the host rock structure and faulted terrain. In sedimentary basins, where no direct information about underlying structure is available, the pattern of ground deformation may allow us to assess the buried fault arrangement. We provide an example in the semi-arid area of Iran, in the Kashmar Valley, a region subject to land subsidence due to water overexploitation. Geodetically determined subsidence rates in the Kashmar Valley exceed 15–30 cm yr⁻¹. The pattern of surface deformation is strongly non-uniform and displays NE–SW elongated bowls of subsidence. The trend resembles old Cretaceous-to-Tertiary faults that evolved during early alpine tectonic deformation. Although these early alpine structures are considered tectonically inactive in the present day, the observed land subsidence pattern indicates significant structural control on the geometry of the aquifer basin and its deformation during reservoir drainage.     

Geochemical and stable isotopic variability within two rivers rising under the same mountain,but belonging to two distant watersheds

Complementary geochemical and stable isotope investigations of the Gorski Kotar karst aquifer system in western Croatia were obtained for the first time, to answer the question whether both studied rivers drain the same aquifer system or not. The two main rivers, the Kupa and the Rje?ina, rise under the same mountain range, but belong to two different watersheds (Black Sea and Adriatic Sea). The karst aquifer of Gorski Kotar is a potentially important source of drinking water for two neighboring countries, Croatia and Slovenia (Central and South Europe), and is strongly influenced by both Mediterranean and continental weather conditions. It is a part of the Dinaric karst, which is “locus typicus” for karst worldwide and one of the most typical karst areas in the world.     

Meteorologische Probleme bei der Ausbreitung radioaktiven Aerosols

Zusammenfassung Der Transport radioaktiver Aerosol-Partikel durch die Atmosphäre wirft neue meteorologische Probleme auf. Eine kinematische Methode der Vorhersage von Trajektorien zeigt erhebliche Unterschiede gegenüber den Stromlinien. Die Ausbreitung von Partikelwolken ist eine Funktion der Vektorstreuung des Windfeldes und einem von der Zeit abhängigen Parameter. Der Massenaustausch zwischen der Troposphäre und der viel partikelreicheren Stratosphäre vollzieht sich vorwiegend in horizontaler Richtung im Niveau der Strahlströmungen. Einige Besonderheiten der Stratosphäre über dem tropischen Pazifik werden kurz beschrieben: die Aufspaltung der Tropopause über dem Äquator und die großen zeitlichen Änderungen der zonalen Windströmungen. Während die Gravitation und das Auswaschen durch Niederschläge vorwiegend gröbere Partikel (Durchmesser>2) zur Sedimentation bringen, fällt die Koagulation an Wolkenelementen hauptsächlich die kleinsten Partikel (<0.1 ) aus.

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Summary The transport of radioactive particulate matter by the atmosphere introduces new meteorological problems. A kinematical method of forecasting air trajectories demonstrates substantial differences compared with stream-lines. The spread of particle clouds can be derived from the standard vector deviation of winds and a time-dependent parameter. Between the troposphere and the stratosphere with its much higher concentration of particles, the mass exchange occurs mainly in a horizontal direction near the jet-stream level. Some pecularities of the stratosphere above the Tropical Pacific are shortly described: the splitting of the tropopause above the equator, and the large time-variations of the zonal currents. While particles with a diameter of at least 2 micron are mainly deposited by gravitation and rain scavenging, coagulation with cloud droplets prefers particles below 0.1 micron.

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Vortrag gehalten am 3. April 1959 auf der 7. Hauptversammlung der «Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia» (Genova: 3.–5. April 1959).