应对气候变化的国际技术协议评述

 国际技术协议通过促进技术的转让与升级,在发展中解决气候变化问题,因此受到越来越多的关注。根据"巴厘路线图"中的重要议题,在对国际技术协议进行简要介绍的基础上,评价了国际技术协议内在的价值与局限性。最后对国际技术协议的前景进行了展望,指出国际技术协议应当着眼于通过促进环境友好的先进技术由发达国家向发展中国家的转让,推动在应对气候变化领域内更深层次的南北合作,实现发展中国家的可持续发展,逐步解决气候变化问题。同时,为中国如何参与国际技术协议给出了建议。     

青海玛多7.4级地震烈度快速评估

利用青海地震烈度衰减模型和基于断层最短距离的地震动参数衰减模型对青海玛多7.4级地震的烈度分布进行快速评估,将评估结果与实际烈度图对比分析。研究结果表明:两种模型可以在地震正式速报后1分钟内得到地震烈度分布的快速评估结果,时效性强,可以在最短的时间内为应急指挥和救援工作提供参考;青海地震烈度衰减模型计算结果比较理想化,在大致范围上有一定的参考性,但在重灾区范围上与此次实际结果存在偏差;基于断层最短距离的地震动参数衰减模型的PGV-v_(S30)计算结果较青海地震烈度衰减模型更为精细,在高烈度区的评估中具有较好的实际应用价值;相较于冉洪流等研究的地表破裂与震级的经验关系,Wells等研究的经验关系在本次地震中的适用性更好。文章研究结果在此次实际地震应急响应中进行了应用,为政府应急指挥决策和应急救援提供了重要数据支撑。     

辽河坳陷清水洼陷沙三段页岩气富集条件

受构造作用控制,辽河西部凹陷清水洼陷沙三段页岩沉降-沉积中心发生由北西向南东方向的明显迁移,表现为欠补偿沉积的半深湖-深湖相同步迁移。从湖盆中心向陆方向,清水洼陷沙三段沉积时期主要发育了深湖-半深湖-浅湖-扇三角洲等沉积类型,对应形成了从Ⅰ、Ⅱ到Ⅲ型的干酪根分布。与此对应,页岩中的石英、长石等脆性矿物含量递次增多,而黏土矿物含量逐渐减少,反映为沉积相对页岩有机地球化学条件和矿物成分的控制作用。在深大断裂控制下,页岩沉积剖面表现为向西减薄的楔形,TOC从中心处的最大值向外逐渐降低,成熟度R_o介于0.5%~2.0%,为页岩油气的形成提供了有利的富集条件。在现今埋深状态下,洼陷区页岩一般处于热成熟生油阶段,埋深较大的局部地区可达高成熟阶段,进入页岩气为主状态,形成“下气上油”的生烃格局。沙三段页岩主要处于中成岩阶段B期,出现了大量定向排列的片状伊利石。在4 000 m以深的页岩中,伊蒙混层比小于15%,发育了多种孔隙类型,伴生黄铁矿和伊利石等黏土矿物,孔隙度一般为0.7%~3.5%,8~35 nm的页岩孔隙直径所占体积最大。高精度含气量解析结果表明,双兴1井沙三段页岩含气量为1.6~5.44 m³/t,随着页岩储层成岩裂缝增加,页岩含气量不断增加。总含气量、吸附含气量与TOC具有很好的相关性,但总含气量增加速度较吸附气增量速度更大,这与有机质生油气产物关系密切,与溶解态天然气的存在也不无关系。有机质类型多样、油气共生、含气量较大且下气上油,形成了辽河清水洼陷特色的页岩气富集模式。     

New Zircon U-Pb Ages of the Shirenshan Gneiss,North Qinling and Their Geological Implications

正Objective The Qinling Orogenic Belt(QOB)is a composite continental orogenic belt that has experienced many tectonic events. The QOB is subdivided into the following three lithotectonic units:the North Qinling terrane,the Middle Qinling microplate and the South Qinling terrane.     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北地区上三叠统延长组长7油层组碳酸盐结核中自生碳酸盐矿物的特征

早期形成的碳酸盐结核在埋藏期间会经历多种碳酸盐矿物相沉淀的复杂胶结作用,岩石学研究是探究结核成因的关键。通过野外剖面观察、岩石学观察和阴极发光技术,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地渭北地区上三叠统延长组长7油层组泥页岩中各种形状的方解石和白云石结核中自生碳酸盐矿物的特征。这些结核为成岩早期的产物,构成结核的自生碳酸盐矿物特征显著:(1)球粒方解石结核中,方解石呈纤维状或刃片状,球粒间充填晶粒方解石或因压实呈贴面结合,纤维状方解石发桔红色和暗红色2种光,刃片状方解石发暗红色光;(2)粉晶方解石结核中,方解石呈他形粒状,含有机质包裹体或纤维状晶形残余,晶间含沥青和纤维状方解石残余,主要发暗红色光;(3)白云石结核有泥晶和粉晶2种晶体类型,粉晶白云石结核含较多泥质,泥质条带或有机质条带处常见纤柱状白云石;(4)沿裂缝充填的方解石和白云石常呈纤维状或纤柱状结构,发暗红色光或不发光。研究区长7油层组碳酸盐结核中的方解石和白云石具有不同的成因类型和复杂的胶结作用:球粒方解石和泥晶白云石代表了结核开始形成时的胶结作用,可以准确地反映结核的成因;粉晶方解石、粉晶白云石反映了交代成因;裂缝中纤维状、纤柱状方解石和白云石集合体则为结核经历了较强压实作用之后充填裂缝而成。     

Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.     

区域创新网络模式研究——以长三角城市群为例

网络范式的兴起赋予城市创新模式新的内涵,引起了经济地理学者对不同空间尺度知识流动和创新联系的关注。基于网络视角,以中国知识产权局2014年长三角城市群26个地级市合作发明专利信息为原始数据,借助Ucinet、ArcGIS等分析工具,从本地和跨界多维空间尺度,刻画长三角城市群创新网络结构,测度城市创新网络地位,评价城市创新能力,进而对城市创新模式进行划分。研究表明：①研发密集的大型国有企业、中外合资企业和知名的理工科院校具有较高的知识生产能力,成为长三角城市群创新合作优先链接主体;②长三角城市群重视外部知识获取,跨界网络成为重要的创新合作途径,地理距离对创新合作空间载体选择的制约减弱;③创新网络位置影响知识获取和城市创新,网络视角下的长三角城市群呈现四类创新模式,密集的“本地—跨界”创新网络有助于城市创新。研究结论对长三角城市群不同类型创新模式的优化升级具有一定的参考价值。     

陆海统筹背景下浙江省填海造地与土地管理制度衔接问题与对策探析

填海造地项目海域管理和土地管理衔接不充分问题由来已久,已成为海洋管理中的痛点和难点。文章对浙江省在填海造地项目换发土地使用权证书、规划与用途管制、使用金征收等方面的衔接制度和实践经验开展梳理分析、调查研究,剖析存在的问题,提出管理建议。研究表明,填海造地与土地管理衔接的主要问题为：换发土地使用权证书所需土地管理指标配套不足;海域和土地权属价值不一致;规划、用途管制衔接不充分;使用金征收标准不统一。为规范填海造地与土地管理的衔接,提出建议：统筹陆海规划和用途管制;建立填海项目指标(计划)管理制度;探索海域使用权价值实现形式;完善海域和土地使用金衔接制度;推进海域土地使用权联合招拍挂出让。本研究可为相关政策制定提供参考。     

A model‐based data‐driven dictionary learning for seismic data representation

Planar waves events recorded in a seismic array can be represented as lines in the Fourier domain. However, in the real world, seismic events usually have curvature or amplitude variability, which means that their Fourier transforms are no longer strictly linear but rather occupy conic regions of the Fourier domain that are narrow at low frequencies but broaden at high frequencies where the effect of curvature becomes more pronounced. One can consider these regions as localised “signal cones”. In this work, we consider a space–time variable signal cone to model the seismic data. The variability of the signal cone is obtained through scaling, slanting, and translation of the kernel for cone‐limited (C‐limited) functions (functions whose Fourier transform lives within a cone) or C‐Gaussian function (a multivariate function whose Fourier transform decays exponentially with respect to slowness and frequency), which constitutes our dictionary. We find a discrete number of scaling, slanting, and translation parameters from a continuum by optimally matching the data. This is a non‐linear optimisation problem, which we address by a fixed‐point method that utilises a variable projection method with ?₁ constraints on the linear parameters and bound constraints on the non‐linear parameters. We observe that slow decay and oscillatory behaviour of the kernel for C‐limited functions constitute bottlenecks for the optimisation problem, which we partially overcome by the C‐Gaussian function. We demonstrate our method through an interpolation example. We present the interpolation result using the estimated parameters obtained from the proposed method and compare it with those obtained using sparsity‐promoting curvelet decomposition, matching pursuit Fourier interpolation, and sparsity‐promoting plane‐wave decomposition methods.