Grading Woodland Soil Water Productivity and Soil Bioavailability in the Semi‐Arid Loess Plateau of China

In the semi‐arid region of the Loess Plateau in China, a portable photosynthesis system (Li‐6400) and a portable steady porometer (Li‐1600) were used to study the quantitative relation between the soil water content (SWC) and trees' physiological parameters including net photosynthesis rate (P_n), carboxylation efficiency (CE), transpiration rate (T_r), water use efficiency of leaf (WUE_L), stomatic conductivity (G_s), stomatal resistance (R_s), intercellular CO₂ (C_i), and stomatal limitation (L_s). These are criteria for grading and evaluating soil water productivity and availability in forests of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Oriental Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis). The results indicated: To the photosynthesis of Locust and Arborvitae, the SWC of less than 4.5 and 4.0% (relative water content (RWC) 21.5 and 19.0%) belong to “non‐productivity and non‐efficiency water”; the SWC of 4.5–10.0% (RWC 21.5–47.5%) and 4.0–8.5% (RWC 19.0–40.5%) belong to “low productivity and low efficiency water”; the SWC of 10.0–13.5% (RWC 47.5–64.0%) and 8.5–11.0% (RWC 40.5–52.0%) belong to “middle productivity and high efficiency water”; the SWC of 13.5–17.0% (RWC 64.0–81.0%) and 11.0–16.0% (RWC 52.0–76.0%) belong to “high productivity and middle efficiency water”; the SWC of 17.0–19.0% (RWC 81.0–90.5%) and 16.0–19.0% (RWC 76.0–90.5%) belong to “middle productivity and low efficiency water”; the SWC of more than 19.0% (RWC 90.5%) belongs to “low productivity and low efficiency water”. The SWC of about 13.5 and 11.0% (RWC 64.0 and 52.0%) are called “high productivity and high efficiency water”, which provides the further evidence for Locust and Arborvitae to get both higher productivity (P_n and CE) and the highest WUE_L and adaptation to the local environment, respectively.     

高速公路施工对地磁观测的影响

观测环境的破坏对地磁观测的影响是严重的,用仪器如实地记录环境的变化,用实际观测的数据来研究外界干扰的影响很有意义。利用郑州地震台的地磁资料,采用趋势分析、相关分析等方法,对高速公路施工期间的观测资料进行研究。最后得出高速公路施工的不同时期,对地磁观测的影响情况,和相同影响情况下模拟仪器和数字化仪器记录的差异。     

随钻四极子横波测井钻铤尺寸优化设计的理论研究

随钻声波测井主要是采用四极子技术来测量软地层的横波速度,但在超软地层的横波测量方面仍然面临挑战.随钻四极子声源会分别激发出沿着钻铤和地层传播的螺旋模式导波,其中四极子钻铤波存在截止频率,即只有在该频率以上才能激发出钻铤波.当钻铤波截止频率降低到与地层波测量频段接近时,会干扰地层波信号的测量,尤其是在疏松的软地层这一干扰现象相当严重.数值模拟和现场实测数据分析结果表明：四极子钻铤波的截止频率主要取决于仪器接收器阵列位置的钻铤壁厚,而对声源与接收器之间的刻槽隔声体以及钻铤外地层介质不敏感.在此基础上,本文利用一种等效的随钻声波测井简化模型来分析与设计钻铤波截止频率与钻铤尺寸关系的理论图版.该理论图版可用于指导随钻四极子横波测井仪器钻铤尺寸的优化设计和数据处理,进而获得高质量的地层波信号以及准确的横波速度.

     

秦岭洛栾断裂带糜棱岩的变形特征及形成环境分析

洛栾断裂带是华北板块南缘与秦岭北缘的分界线,其变形作用细节可以恢复板块碰撞过程中板缘的变形作用。洛栾断裂带走向为290°,倾向NNE,倾角多为67°~80°,由多条近平行的韧性剪切带组成,单个剪切带宽度由几米至上百米不等,西部较窄,东部较宽。洛栾断裂带主要构造活动有四期,第二期强烈的塑性变形形成了大规模的糜棱岩。糜棱岩中的线理倾伏向、矿物σ、δ残斑和石英脉形态等运动学特征均指示断裂带具有由南向北俯冲兼有左行平移的运动学特征。糜棱岩的变形特征显示洛栾断裂带东部的变形机制为晶质塑性变形,西部为低温扩散蠕变、颗粒边界滑移以及晶质塑性变形机制。糜棱岩中的矿物塑性变形序列为:方解石黑云母石英斜长石钾长石。洛栾断裂带长英质糜棱岩的变形相自东向西依次为二长石变形相、石英斜长石变形相和石英变形相。糜棱岩的形成温度为300~550℃,其中东部的温度高于西部。角闪石全铝压力计获得的压力为:0.75~0.95GPa,多硅白云母压力计得出的压力为0.27~0.87 GPa。差异应力为0.32~0.41GPa,应变速率值为3.92917×10~(-11)~3.17713×10~(-16)。雪茄状应变椭球体和大于0.75的涡度显示断裂带为强烈剪切拉伸变形,且西段强于东段。上述特征显示洛栾断裂带是发育于中-中深层次的韧性变形,糜棱岩的变形条件总体属于中温、中压环境下的中等应变条件,但东部温度高于西部,西部差异应力大于东部。相当于东部位于中地壳偏深环境,西部位于上地壳下部-中地壳上部环境,说明洛栾断裂带在后期的抬升过程中东部高于西部。这期糜棱岩的变形是对洛栾断裂带第二期构造活动的响应,真实地反映了洛栾断裂带这期构造活动的构造物理作用过程和形成环境,对解读洛栾断裂带的形成环境有着重要意义。     

滇西北羊拉铜矿床江边岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

羊拉铜矿是三江地区金沙江—哀牢山铜金成矿带的大型铜矿床,位于中咱微陆块与昌都—思茅地块相夹持的金沙江板块结合带,矿床与印支期侵入岩(花岗闪长岩体)有密切的时空成因联系。通过对江边花岗闪长斑岩体、花岗闪长岩体的地球化学研究,发现岩体富SiO₂、Al和大离子亲石元素,贫Fe、Mg、高场强元素,属准铝质-弱过铝质I型花岗岩;各岩石样品点均落入火山弧花岗岩和同碰撞花岗岩过渡区域,反映江边岩体属活动板块边缘产物,岩浆除幔源外,还混入了下地壳熔融物质。江边岩体锆石原位U-Pb定年分析得出2个花岗闪长斑岩(ZKJ1-1-14、ZKJ2-1-7)年龄为215 Ma、208 Ma,3个花岗闪长岩(ZKJ1-1-17、ZKJ2-1-6、ZKJ2-1-8)年龄为221 Ma、220 Ma和214 Ma,结合对路农、里农和贝吾花岗闪长岩体结晶年龄分析,得出羊拉矿区成矿岩体自南向北年龄逐渐变新的侵位序列;矿区内岩浆活动持续25 Ma,印证江边岩体同属俯冲-碰撞作用所致的造山期岛弧型花岗岩类,为碰撞后拉张背景的典型产物。     

局部仿S闭空间

该文引入局部仿S闭空间的概念，讨论了它的一些性质，如局部仿S闭空间是极不连通的等价条件，局部仿S闭空间与局部仿紧、仿S闭空间、仿H（i）空间的关系、被连续开映射保持等，而且改进了陈必胜的四条定理。     

南京东郊沿江地区农用地土壤重金属分布特征及风险性评价

为查明南京东郊沿江地区农用地土壤重金属污染物类型及其影响范围,在该区采集了688个表层土壤样品,测定了pH值及As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法进行污染风险性评估.结果 表明:与南京市土壤元素背景值相比,除Hg外,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等重金属元素均富集;该区重金属污染元素主要为Cd,点位超标率为36.4%,以轻微污染为主,Cd污染区主要分布在中性及酸性土壤中.Cd单因子潜在生态危害指数表明:Ⅱ级(中度)以上风险区约占全区总面积的90%,Ⅲ级(较高)风险区约占全区总面积的10%.综合8种重金属污染风险分析结果,发现研究区大部分农用地处于安全生产等级,少部分农用地处于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级风险区,总体上农用地土壤重金属潜在生态危害性较低.     

Tectonic Characteristics, Evolution, and Significance of the Zhouwang Fault, Lower Yangtze Area, Eastern China

Fault geometry, kinematics, geophysics, the tectonic stress field and tectonic evolution of the Zhouwang fault in the southern Jiangnan tectonic transition zone of the Lower Yangtze region, eastern China are examined. Field observations show the fault is composed of a series of nearly E–W trending, N–S dipping faults, and four stages of tectonism (sinistral strike-slip, thrust nappe, normal fault, and dextral strike-slip) developed in turn. Geophysical data show that the fault trends almost linearly E–W along a flat, steep gravity gradient at shallow depth, with distinct gravity anomalies to the north and south and different in the north and south. Also, the deep part is characterized by northward dip and a gradual slowing down. Tectonic stress field analysis indicates that the fault experienced four tectonic movements: NNE–SSW compression, NNW–SSE compression, NEE–SWW extension, and E–W compression. Combined with regional tectonic background and previous research results, this indicates that: (1) the Zhouwang fault experienced sinistral strike-slip movement during the Indosinian Period (260–200 Ma); (2) thrust nappes developed during the early Yanshanian Period (163–145 Ma); (3) a normal fault occurred in the late Yanshanian Period (125–65 Ma); and (4) dextral strike-slip movement occurred in the Himalayan Period (ca. 50–37 Ma). The results reveal the tectonic evolution of the fault during Mesozoic deformation in the area, and also reveal the geological evolution and tectonic transformation of the Lower Yangtze region, which is key to our understanding of intracontinental deformation in eastern China.     

The Sin Quyen Cu–Fe–Au–REE deposit (northern Vietnam): composition and formation conditions

The Sin Quyen Cu–Fe–Au–REE deposit is localized in the Proterozoic deposits of the Phan Xi Pang zone, northern Vietnam. The mineralization is formed by lenticular and sheet-like bodies occurring concordantly with the host rocks. Seventeen orebodies have been recognized in the deposit, which form an ore horizon up to 140 m in total thickness, about 2 km in strike, and up to 350 m in dip. The ores are of simple mineral composition: Au-rich copper and iron sulfides (chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite) and iron oxides (magnetite, hematite). Gold and silver are distributed unevenly in the ores: Their contents vary from hundredths and tenths of ppm to 1.8 ppm. Copper sulfide ores are the main concentrator of gold and silver. All ores are characterized by high REE contents, tens and hundreds of times exceeding the element clarkes. The highest contents have been revealed for Ce and La. Orthite is the main carrier of REE. No correlation between REE and ore elements of sulfide-oxide ores has been revealed, which points to the independent formation of the mineralization. Orebodies together with the host rocks underwent metamorphism at 500–600 to 630–685 °C and 3–7 kbar. The spatial association of the mineralization with amphibolites (metamorphosed basites) and the mineral composition of ores suggest that the Sin Quyen deposit is of Cyprian volcanogenic type.     

重庆万州盐井沟动物群首次发现小猪头骨化石

重庆万州盐井沟是中国南方最经典的第四纪哺乳动物化石产地之一,因化石数量众多、种类多样和完整度极高而著名,但目前重庆万州盐井沟动物群已报道的猪科动物化石仅为野猪(Sus scrofa)和猪属未定种(Sus sp.)。现今可考证的化石点为建国以后发现的4个化石点,即大垭口化石点、平坝上洞、平坝下洞和媒人洞,而四方地化石点是重庆万州盐井沟地区新近发现的第5个化石点,出土了亚成年小猪(Sus xiaozhu)的2件不完整头骨和2件下颌骨化石,代表了迄今发现最完整且时代最晚(晚更新世)的小猪头骨和下颌骨化石,为盐井沟动物群中首次发现。经过与华南第四纪猪属(Sus)其他物种对比,小猪的鉴定特征可归纳为小型猪,面部和腭骨长度远不及李氏野猪(S.lydekkeri)和野猪(S.scrofa),牙齿尺寸小于裴氏猪(S.peii)、李氏野猪(S.lydekkeri)和野猪(S.scrofa),眶前孔位于DP4(P4)与M1界线之上,下颌骨联合部短且厚,终止于P2之前。雄性下犬齿横切面的形状介于“verrucose”型和“scrofa”型之间,属于一种过渡类型,臼齿低冠且呈丘型,结构简单,每个臼齿由4个主尖组成,前臼齿齿列比臼齿齿列长,m3跟座仅发育1~2个齿尖。小猪(S.xiaozhu)与野猪(S.scrofa)的同时出现,可作为华南中-晚更新世哺乳动物群的一个标志。