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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
Winter precipitation isotope slopes of the contiguous USA and their relationship to the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study compares the synoptic-dynamic relationship between two phases of the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern and winter precipitation isotopes at 73 sites across the contiguous USA. We use the spatial pattern of isotope slope—the rate of changes in precipitation isotope ratios with distance—to identify features in the seasonal precipitation isotope fields related to climatic patterns, PNA positive and PNA negative. Our results show relationships between zones of high isotope slopes and the spatial position of the polar jet stream and juxtaposition of air masses associated with the PNA pattern. During a positive PNA winter, zones of high isotope slope in the eastern USA shift southward. This change is coincident with a southward displacement of the polar jet stream in this region, which leads to a greater frequency of polar air masses and 18O-depleted isotope values of precipitation in the region. In the western USA, zones of high slope shift eastward during the positive PNA winter, associated with more frequent penetration of tropical air masses that bring 18O-enriched precipitation to the region. Differences in δ18O/temperature relationships between the PNA-positive and -negative winters and contrasting δ18O/temperature behaviors in the eastern and western USA provide support for the role of variation in moisture source and transport as a control on the isotopic patterns. These findings highlight the importance of synoptic climate driven by PNA pattern in determining the spatial patterns of precipitation isotopes and provide constraints on paleo-water isotope interpretation and modern isotope hydrological processes. 相似文献
102.
Assessment of digital camera-derived vegetation indices in quantitative monitoring of seasonal rice growth 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Toshihiro Sakamoto Michio Shibayama Akihiko Kimura Eiji Takada 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(6):872-882
A commercially available digital camera can be used in a low-cost automatic observation system for monitoring crop growth change in open-air fields. We developed a prototype Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS) for monitoring rice growth, but the ready-made waterproof cases that we used produced shadows on the images. After modifying the waterproof cases, we repeated the fixed-point camera observations to clarify questions regarding digital camera-derived vegetation indices (VIs), namely, the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) based on daytime normal color images (RGB image) and the nighttime relative brightness index (NRBINIR) based on nighttime near infrared (NIR) images. We also took frequent measurements of agronomic data such as plant length, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground dry matter weight to gain a detailed understanding of the temporal relationship between the VIs and the biophysical parameters of rice. In addition, we conducted another nighttime outdoor experiment to establish the link between NRBINIR and camera-to-object distance. The study produced the following findings. (1) The customized waterproof cases succeeded in preventing large shadows from being cast, especially on nighttime images, and it was confirmed that the brightness of the nighttime NIR images had spatial heterogeneity when a point light source (flashlight) was used, in contrast to the daytime RGB images. (2) The additional experiment using a forklift showed that both the ISO sensitivity and the calibrated digital number of the NIR (cDNNIR) had significant effects on the sensitivity of NRBINIR to the camera-to-object distance. (3) Detailed measurements of a reproductive stem were collected to investigate the connection between the morphological feature change caused by the panicle sagging process and the downtrend in NRBINIR during the reproductive stages. However, these agronomic data were not completely in accord with NRBINIR in terms of the temporal pattern. (4) The time-series data for the LAI, plant length, and aboveground dry matter weight could be well approximated by a sigmoid curve based on NRBINIR and VARI. The results confirmed that NRBINIR was more sensitive to all of the agronomic data for overall season, including the early reproductive stages. VARI had an especially high correlation with LAI, unless yellow panicles appeared in the field of view. 相似文献
103.
Beach erosion has advanced in many countries of the world, especially in Japan, because of a decrease in sediment sources from rivers and a lack of longshore sediment transport from the adjacent coasts due to coastal structures. The former cause concerns the reduction of river deltas due to a decrease in sediment input from the river. Two timescales important in beach erosion, a longer timescale which concerns a change in the location of the river mouth, and a shorter one which is due to a decrease in longshore sediment transport, are discussed in the formation and reduction of the delta of the Kurobe River. Based on these timescales, beach erosion control is considered. 相似文献
104.
Takahito Kazama Hideaki Hayakawa Toshihiro Higashi Shingo Ohsono Shunsuke Iwanami Tomoko Hanyu Harumi Ohta Koichiro Doi Yuichi Aoyama Yoichi Fukuda Jun Nishijima Kazuo Shibuya 《Polar Science》2013,7(3-4):260-277
Absolute gravity values were measured with a portable absolute gravimeter A10 in East Antarctica, for the first time by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. This study aims to investigate regional spatiotemporal variations of ice mass distributions and associated crustal deformations around Syowa Station by means of repeated absolute gravity measurements, and we obtained the first absolute gravity value in Southern Langhovde on the Antarctic Continent. The average absolute gravity value at the newly installed benchmark AGS01 in Langhovde (obtained on 3 February 2012) was 982535584.2 ± 0.7 μgal (1 [μgal] = 1 × 10?8 [m/s2]), which was in agreement with the gravity values obtained by the past relative gravity measurements within 1 mgal. In addition, the average absolute gravity value obtained at AGSaux in Syowa Station was consistent with both previous absolute gravity values and those obtained by simultaneous measurements using an FG5 gravimeter, owing to adequate data corrections associated with tidal effects and time variations in atomic clock frequencies. In order to detect the gravity changes associated with the ice mass changes and other tectonic phenomena, we plan to conduct absolute gravity measurements at AGS01 again and at other campaign sites around Syowa Station as well in the near future, with careful attention paid to the impacts of severe environmental conditions in Antarctica on gravity data collection. 相似文献
105.
Ramesh Chandra Rajmal Jain Wahab Uddin Keiji Yoshimura Takeo Kosugi Taro Sakao Anita Joshi M. R. Deshpande 《Solar physics》2006,239(1-2):239-256
We present Hα observations from ARIES (Nainital) of a compact and impulsive solar flare that occurred on March 10, 2001 and
which was associated with a CME. We have also analyzed HXT, SXT/Yohkoh observations as well as radio observations from the Nobeyama Radio Observatory to derive the energetics and dynamics of this
impulsive flare. We coalign the Hα, SXR, HXR, MW, and magnetogram images within the instrumental spatial-resolution limit.
We detect a single HXR source in this flare, which is found spatially associated with one of the Hα bright kernels. The unusual
feature of HXR and Hα sources, observed for the first time, is the rotation during the impulsive phase in a clockwise direction.
We propose that the rotation may be due to asymmetric progress of the magnetic reconnection site or may be due to the change
of the peak point of the electric field. In MW emission we found two sources. The main source is at the main flare site and
another is in the southwest direction. It appears that the remote source is formed by the impact of accelerated energetic
electrons from the main flare site. From the spatial correlation of multiwavelength images of the different sources, we conclude
that this flare has a three-legged structure. 相似文献
106.
Toshihiro Kasuga Jun-Ichi Watanabe Mikiya Sato 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,373(3):1107-1111
The asteroid 3200 Phaethon is suggested as a candidate for direct impact research. The object is considered to be an extinct comet and the parent of the Geminid meteor shower. One could say that this provides a possible argument for a space mission. Based on such a mission, this paper proposes to investigate the nature of the extinct comet and the additional interesting possibility of artificially generated meteor showers.
Dust trail theory can calculate the distribution of a bundle of trails and be used to show in which years artificial meteors would be expected. Results indicate that meteor showers will be seen on Earth about 200 yr after the event, on 2022 April 12. 相似文献
Dust trail theory can calculate the distribution of a bundle of trails and be used to show in which years artificial meteors would be expected. Results indicate that meteor showers will be seen on Earth about 200 yr after the event, on 2022 April 12. 相似文献
107.
108.
Tomoki Nakamura Aiko Nakato Hatsumi Ishida Shigeru Wakita Takaaki Noguchi Michael E. Zolensky Masahiko Tanaka Makoto Kimura Akira Tshuchiyama Toshihiro Ogami Takahito Hashimoto Mitsuru Konno Masayuki Uesugi Toru Yada Kei Shirai Akio Fujimura Ryuji Okazaki Scott. A. Sandford Yukihiro Ishibashi Masanao Abe Tatsuaki Okada Munetaka Ueno Junichiro Kawaguchi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(2):215-227
The mineralogy and mineral chemistry of Itokawa dust particles captured during the first and second touchdowns on the MUSES‐C Regio were characterized by synchrotron‐radiation X‐ray diffraction and field‐emission electron microprobe analysis. Olivine and low‐ and high‐Ca pyroxene, plagioclase, and merrillite compositions of the first‐touchdown particles are similar to those of the second‐touchdown particles. The two touchdown sites are separated by approximately 100 meters and therefore the similarity suggests that MUSES‐C Regio is covered with dust particles of uniform mineral chemistry of LL chondrites. Quantitative compositional properties of 48 dust particles, including both first‐ and second‐touchdown samples, indicate that dust particles of MUSES‐C Regio have experienced prolonged thermal metamorphism, but they are not fully equilibrated in terms of chemical composition. This suggests that MUSES‐C particles were heated in a single asteroid at different temperatures. During slow cooling from a peak temperature of approximately 800 °C, chemical compositions of plagioclase and K‐feldspar seem to have been modified: Ab and Or contents changed during cooling, but An did not. This compositional modification is reproduced by a numerical simulation that modeled the cooling process of a 50 km sized Itokawa parent asteroid. After cooling, some particles have been heavily impacted and heated, which resulted in heterogeneous distributions of Na and K within plagioclase crystals. Impact‐induced chemical modification of plagioclase was verified by a comparison to a shock vein in the Kilabo LL6 ordinary chondrite where Na‐K distributions of plagioclase have been disturbed. 相似文献
109.
Toru Kobari Hiroyasu Akamatsu Masato Minowa Toshihiro Ichikawa Kazuo Iseki Ryuji Fukuda Masataka Higashi 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(5):673-684
Seasonal changes in the shape and size composition of fecal pellets were investigated with sediment trap samples from 50 and
150 m in Kagoshima Bay to evaluate how the mesozooplankton community affects fecal pellet flux. Deep vertical mixing was evident
in March, and thermal stratification was developed above 50 m in June, August and November. Chlorophyll a, suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) and copepod abundance were uniform throughout the water column during the seasonal
mixing and concentrated above 50 m in the stratified seasons. Calanoids were the most predominant copepods in March and poecilostomatoids
composed more than 45% of the copepod community in June, August and November. Fecal pellet fluxes at 50 and 150 m were the
highest in March, nearly half of POC flux. The relative contribution declined considerably in the other months, especially
for less than 4% of POC flux in August. The decline was corresponded to the predominance of cyclopoids and poecilostomatoids.
Cylindrical pellets dominated the fecal matters at both depths throughout the study period, while larger cylindrical pellets
nearly disappeared at 150 m in June, August and November. Copepod incubation revealed that cylindrical and oval pellets were
egested by calanoids and the other copepods, respectively. We suggest that cylindrical fecal pellets produced by calanoid
copepods contribute to feces flux but the predominance of poecilostomatoids and/or cyclopoids decreases feces flux via the
increase of oval pellets and fragmentation of larger cylindrical pellets. 相似文献
110.
Hiroshi Adachi Hiroya Yamano Toshihiro Miyajima Masahiro Nakaoka 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(6):865-872
This article describes a simple, quick, and inexpensive procedure for coring unconsolidated sediment in shallow water (<30
m from water surface). A ∼1 m core is retrieved by a PVC pipe that penetrates sediment in response to the percussive force
of a hand-operated hammering tool or air hammer. After retrieving the first core segment, a casing is inserted to allow access
to deeper sediment layers. Pulverized sediment produced during coring is removed by a water-lubrication system that is powered
by an electric pump attached to a generator. Using this system and procedure, five 2-m-long cores with excellent quality were
retrieved. 相似文献