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101.
The Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) is a challeging scientific project managed by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF),
it is being developed at 30 km North of the city of Cagliari, Italy. The goal of the SRT project is to build a general purpose,
fully steerable, 64 m diameter radio telescope, capable of operating with high efficiency in the centimeter and millimeter
frequency range (0.3–100 GHz). In portions of this frequency range, especially towards the high end, astronomical observations
can be heavily deteriorated by non-optimal atmospheric conditions, especially by water vapor content. The water molecule permanent
electric dipole in fact, leads to pressure broadened rotational transitions around the 22.23 GHz spectral line. Furthermore,
water vapor’s continuum absorption and emission may influence higher frequency observations too. To a lower degree, cloud
liquid black body radiation can also affect centimeter and millimeter observations. In addition to this, inhomogeneities in
water vapor distributions can cause signal phase errors which introduce a great amount of uncertainty to VLBI mode observations.
The Astronomical Observatory of Cagliari (OA-CA) has obtained historical timeseries of radiosonde profiles conducted at the
airport of Cagliari. Through the radiosonde measurements and an appropriate radiative transfer model, we have performed a
statistical analysis of the SRT site’s atmosphere which accounts for atmospheric opacity at different frequencies, integrated
water vapor (IWV), integrated liquid water (ILW) and cloud cover distributions during the year. This will help to investigate
in which period of the year astronomical observations at different frequencies should be performed preferably. The results
show that, at the SRT site, K-band astronomical observations are possible all year round, the median opacity at 22.23 GHz
is 0.10 Np in the winter (Dec-Jan-Feb) and 0.16 Np in the summer (Jun-Jul-Aug). Integrated water vapor during winter months
ranges, on average, between 7 and 15 mm. Cloud cover is usually not present for more than 36% of the time during the year.
The atmospheric opacity study indicates that observations at higher frequencies (50–100 GHz) may be performed usefully: the
median opacity at 100 GHz is usually below or equal to 0.2 Np in the period that ranges from January to April. 相似文献
102.
Alec Thornton Tony Binns Maria Talaitupu Kerslake 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2013,34(3):357-372
This paper presents findings from a study about the relationships between social change and settlement change in Samoa, where a form of landlessness is emerging in low income areas of the main town, Apia. It examines changing reciprocal kinship arrangements with respect to customary rural village plantation land and changes in both individual and household relationships with the church. Although these relationships are typically closely bound in Pacific island societies, recent field‐based research has revealed the expansion of landless urban settlements with households that are alienated from rural village‐based kin and, by extension, customary land. 相似文献
103.
104.
The concept of vulnerability is increasingly important in engineering and the socio-economic planning sciences, particularly given the enormous costs associated with addressing it. The ability to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities is extremely challenging because it is influenced by a complex and dynamic set of interacting factors that can compromise social, economic and infrastructure systems. Where the latter is concerned, the ability to assess infrastructure vulnerability involves the consideration of a range of physical, operational, geographical and socio-economic characteristics. In this paper, significant elements of infrastructure vulnerability are identified and discussed with a focus on their intrinsic spatial nature and their propensity to interact across space. Further, the developed typology of vulnerability outlined in this paper emphasizes the need to ensure that policy, planning and disaster mitigation efforts are strongly integrated at global, regional and local levels. 相似文献
105.
This special issue of GeoJournal is centered on geographic approaches to vulnerability analysis. Six papers addressing several core areas of active research in vulnerability analysis are included in this volume of work. In particular, network analysis methods, geographic data acquisition and use, measurement of vulnerability, evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in vulnerability, as well as related theoretical and policy issues are examined in detail. 相似文献
106.
107.
R. A. Hoare 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3-4):339-349
This paper gives the data and methods used to calculate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads of the Ngongotaha Stream, near Rotorua, New Zealand. The variations in concentration with time and with flow rate are given in some detail, as examples of what may happen in other streams of the central volcanic plateau, and a novel way to define a flow‐concentration curve is described. Nitrate, ammonia, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total phosphorus (TP), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentrations were measured, and mean concentrations in 1976 base flow were found to be 527, 25, 32, 48, and 162 mg m‐3 respectively. Nitrate concentrations showed seasonal variations, and although changes occurred during floods, they were not correlated with flow rate. DRP concentrations showed little variation, except that they dropped at the peak of the largest floods. TP was strongly correlated with flow rate during floods, and TP loads could best be calculated by allowing for a curvilinear relationship between concentration and flow rate. The logarithms of the TP load carried by a flood and the peak flow rate of the flood were highly correlated (R = 0.984). The annual loads of nitrate, ammonia, DRP, TP, and TKN were estimated to be 34, 1.3, 2.9, 6.0, and 26 tonnes in 1976. 相似文献
108.
R. A. Hoare 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):451-454
Nitrate concentrations in urban streams at Rotorua are much higher than those in nearby rural streams. The loads of nitrogen are consistent with the loads discharged to septic tanks in the stream catchments. Phosphorus concentrations are no higher than in rural streams, and phosphorus loads in the streams are less than 2% of the load on the septic tanks. Nitrate in the streams is slowly decreasing now that the sewerage reticulation system is almost complete. 相似文献
109.
Hydrodynamic, suspension and bed-form measurements were made 2 km off the Dutch coast near Noordwijk aan Zee in ∼14 m water depth for a period of 32 days in 2003. Tidal currents were just able to suspend sand at the bed at peak spring tide but most suspension and transport occurred as a result of the combination of waves and currents. Burst-average (17 min) sand concentration profiles (C¯-profiles) from an acoustic backscatter instrument were used to define the (varying) location of the sea-bed, following the method used by Green et al. [Green, M.O., Dolphin, T.J., Swales, A., Vincent, C.E., 1999. Transport of mixed-size sediments in a tidal channel. Coastal Sediments ‘99, edited by N.C. Kraus, and W.G. McDougal, ASCE, Long Island, New York, pp. 644–658]. Reference concentrations at the sea-bed (C0) and at 1 cm (C1) were examined in relation to both the hydrodynamic conditions and the type of bed forms present. The C0 predictive equations of Green and Black [Green, M.O., Black, K.P., Suspended sediment reference concentration under waves: field measurements and critical analysis of two predictive models, Coastal Engineering, 38, 115–141, 1999](short-wave ripples) and Nielsen [Nielsen, P., Suspended sediment concentrations under waves, Coastal Engineering, 10, 23–31, 1986](all bed forms; includes ripple steepness), both of which require knowledge of the bed-form type, were not as successful in explaining the variance in our C0 data as a regression of C0 against the skin-friction Shields parameter θ′cw that ignored bed-form type (73% of variance explained). The values of the reference concentration C1 were compared with the Lee et al. [Lee, G.-H., Dade, W.B., Friedrichs, C.T., Vincent, C.E., Examination of Reference Concentration Under Waves and Currents on the Inner Shelf., Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, 1–10, 2004] equation which predicts C1 from the product of the Shields parameter and the inverse Rouse parameter; 51% of the variance in C1 was explained. 相似文献
110.
Richard J. Bathurst Tony M. Allen Yoshihisa Miyata Sina Javankhoshdel Nezam Bozorgzadeh 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2019,13(3):214-225
ABSTRACTMechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls must be designed with adequate margins of safety against internal stability failure described by tensile strength and pullout limit states. Probabilities of failure (or reliability index) will vary strongly with the accuracy of the underlying models that appear in limit state performance functions. In this paper, prior work by the authors and co-workers on this topic is reviewed. Relative performance is explored in the context of the reliability (or probability of failure) of steel and polymeric reinforcing elements in MSE walls using limit state performance functions with load and resistance models having different accuracy. 相似文献