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821.
Single receiver phase ambiguity resolution with GPS data 总被引:26,自引:12,他引:14
Willy Bertiger Shailen D. Desai Bruce Haines Nate Harvey Angelyn W. Moore Susan Owen Jan P. Weiss 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(5):327-337
Global positioning system (GPS) data processing algorithms typically improve positioning solution accuracy by fixing double-differenced
phase bias ambiguities to integer values. These “double-difference ambiguity resolution” methods usually invoke linear combinations
of GPS carrier phase bias estimates from pairs of transmitters and pairs of receivers, and traditionally require simultaneous
measurements from at least two receivers. However, many GPS users point position a single local receiver, based on publicly
available solutions for GPS orbits and clocks. These users cannot form double differences. We present an ambiguity resolution
algorithm that improves solution accuracy for single receiver point-positioning users. The algorithm processes dual- frequency
GPS data from a single receiver together with wide-lane and phase bias estimates from the global network of GPS receivers
that were used to generate the orbit and clock solutions for the GPS satellites. We constrain (rather than fix) linear combinations
of local phase biases to improve compatibility with global phase bias estimates. For this precise point positioning, no other
receiver data are required. When tested, our algorithm significantly improved repeatability of daily estimates of ground receiver
positions, most notably in the east component by approximately 30% with respect to the nominal case wherein the carrier biases
are estimated as real values. In this “static” test for terrestrial receiver positions, we achieved daily repeatability of
1.9, 2.1 and 6.0 mm in the east, north and vertical (ENV) components, respectively. For kinematic solutions, ENV repeatability
is 7.7, 8.4, and 11.7 mm, respectively, representing improvements of 22, 8, and 14% with respect to the nominal. Results from
precise orbit determination of the twin GRACE satellites demonstrated that the inter-satellite baseline accuracy improved
by a factor of three, from 6 to 2 mm up to a long-term bias. Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission precise orbit determination
tests results implied radial orbit accuracy significantly below the 10 mm level. Stability of time transfer, in low-Earth
orbit, improved from 40 to 7 ps. We produced these results by applying this algorithm within the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s
(JPL’s) GIPSY/OASIS software package and using JPL’s orbit and clock products for the GPS constellation. These products now
include a record of the wide-lane and phase bias estimates from the underlying global network of GPS stations. This implies
that all GIPSY–OASIS positioning users can now benefit from this capability to perform single-receiver ambiguity resolution. 相似文献
822.
J.O. Blanton A.J. Garrett J.S. Bollinger D.W. Hayes L.D. Koffman J. Amft T. Moore 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
A study of tracer transport and retention in a small tidal creek and marsh system located in the southeastern US was conducted using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and data from a dye tracer release. The model simulated tidally driven flow, including inundation and drying out of the marshes and the dispersal of the dye tracer. Flow measurements in the tidal creek showed that the simulations appeared to generally duplicate the tidally driven flow into and out of the tidal creeks and marshes. The dye tracer experiment was conducted to test the hydrodynamic model's ability to simulate dispersal of a point release of pollutants into the creek during an incoming tide. The simulations reproduced much of the experimental measurements, but bathymetric errors and lack of resolution of the smallest arms of the tidal creeks affected the ability to faithfully reproduce the initial peak in measured dye tracer concentrations at a sampling location far from the boundary. The lack of the smallest tidal creeks led to some trapping of water and dye in the marshes. Two independent estimates of flushing time yielded values between 1.6 and 2.4 days. An uncertainty analysis indicates that model simulations are sensitive to variations in parameters such as water depth and marsh grass density. On the other hand, omission of the smallest tidal creeks in simulations may be partially offset by decreasing marsh grass density. Further improvements must rely on more accurate and detailed bathymetric data that resolves the smaller arms of the tidal creeks and includes quantitative information about the density and distribution of marsh grass. 相似文献
823.
R. Guerriero D. W. Fox J. Kommers W. H. G. Lewin R. Rutledge C. B. Moore E. Morgan J. Van Paradijs M. Van der Klis L. Bildsten T. Dotani 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,307(1):179-189
We describe the evolutionary progression of an outburst of the Rapid Burster. Four outbursts have been observed with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer between 1996 February and 1998 May, and our observations are consistent with a standard evolution over the course of each. An outburst can be divided into two distinct phases. Phase I is dominated by type I bursts, with a strong persistent emission component; it lasts for 15–20 d. Phase II is characterized by type II bursts, which occur in a variety of patterns. The light curves of time-averaged luminosity for the outbursts show some evidence for reflares, similar to those seen in soft X-ray transients. The average recurrence time for Rapid Burster outbursts during this period was 218 d, in contrast to an average ∼180‐d recurrence period observed during 1976–1983. 相似文献
824.
J.D. Gulley D. Breecker M. Covington S. Cooperdock J. Banner P.J. Moore A. Noronha C. Breithaupt J.B. Martin J. Jenson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(11):2675-2688
Growing evidence suggests microbial respiration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may be a principal driver of subsurface dissolution and cave formation in eogenetic carbonate rock. Analyses of samples of vadose zone gasses, and geochemical and hydrological data collected from shallow, uncased wells on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, suggest tidally varying water tables may help fuel microbial respiration and dissolution through oxygenation. Respiration of soil organic carbon transported to water tables generates dysaerobic to anaerobic groundwater, limiting aerobic microbial processes. Positive correlations of carbon dioxide (CO2), radon-222 (222Rn) and water table elevation indicate, however, that tidal pumping of water tables pulls atmospheric air that is rich in oxygen, and low in CO2 and 222Rn, into contact with the tidal capillary fringe during falling tides. Ratios of CO2 and O2 in vadose gas relative to the atmosphere indicate this atmospheric oxygen fuels respiration within newly-exposed, wetted bedrock. Deficits of expected CO2 relative to O2 concentrations indicate some respired CO2 is likely removed by carbonate mineral dissolution. Tidal pumping also appears capable of transferring oxygen to the freshwater lens, where it could also contribute to respiration and dissolution; dissolved oxygen concentrations at the water table are at least 5% saturated and decline to anaerobic conditions 1–2 m below. Our results demonstrate how tidal pumping of air to vadose zones can drive mineral dissolution reactions that are focused near water tables and may contribute to the formation of laterally continuous vuggy horizons and potentially caves. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
825.
The Lower Hillsborough River, Florida is a short (16 km) riverine estuary which has a dam located at its upstream end. Salinity below the dam is influenced by freshwater that flows over or through the structure. Depending on location in the estuary, the response of salinity to changes in upstream freshwater inflows is normally not instantaneous, but lags behind the freshwater release. An analytical approach and a laterally averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic model were used to examine the response time of salinity in the Lower Hillsborough River to changes in freshwater inflows from the upstream reservoir. A series of case studies were conducted using the model to determine how salinity in the river within one kilometer below the dam would respond to changes in freshwater inflows. The model results suggest that the time lag of salinity in the river depends on whether the upstream freshwater inflows are increasing or decreasing, as well as their magnitude. While the time lag for salinity is about six to eight days for decreasing inflows, it is much shorter for increasing inflows depending on the magnitude of the flow release. 相似文献
826.
I McFadzen N Eufemia C Heath D Epel M Moore D Lowe 《Marine environmental research》2000,50(1-5):319-323
Cells exhibiting the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype demonstrate a decreased intracellular drug accumulation due to an active outward transport and decreased intracellular flux. This study demonstrates the inhibition of MDR in mussel (Mytilus edulis) embryos and larvae based on a simple bioassay. The development of embryos was assessed and abnormalities identified at key stages of development, including gastrulation, trochophore and prodissoconch stages. The incidence of developmental abnormalities was significantly increased in the presence of vinblastine, MMS, chloroquine, mitomycin-C, cadmium chloride and colchicine, compared to clean seawater. Consistently, there was a further increase in the number and severity of deformities observed when each toxin was added in the presence of verapamil. Larval growth was also significantly impaired in the presence of verapamil. Increased accumulation of fluorescent MDR dyes, such as rhodamine B, has been measured and shown to be verapamil sensitive. This bioassay encompasses a period of intense cellular activity during which the impairment of a number of critical processes results in abnormal growth and development. 相似文献
827.
828.
Cold collapse and the core catastrophe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
B. Moore T. Quinn F. Governato J. Stadel G. Lake 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,310(4):1147-1152
829.
830.
High-resolution bathymetric mapping has shown that submarine flat-topped volcanic cones, morphologically similar to ones
on the deep sea floor and near mid-ocean ridges, are common on or near submarine rift zones of Kilauea, Kohala (or Mauna Kea),
Mahukona, and Haleakala volcanoes. Four flat-topped cones on Kohala were explored and sampled with the Pisces V submersible in October 1998. Samples show that flat-topped cones on rift zones are constructed of tholeiitic basalt erupted
during the shield stage. Similarly shaped flat-topped cones on the northwest submarine flank of Ni'ihau are apparently formed
of alkalic basalt erupted during the rejuvenated stage. Submarine postshield-stage eruptions on Hilo Ridge, Mahukona, Hana
Ridge, and offshore Ni'ihau form pointed cones of alkalic basalt and hawaiite. The shield stage flat-topped cones have steep
(∼25°) sides, remarkably flat horizontal tops, basal diameters of 1–3 km, and heights <300 m. The flat tops commonly have
either a low mound or a deep crater in the center. The rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones have the same shape with steep
sides and flat horizontal tops, but are much larger with basal diameters up to 5.5 km and heights commonly greater than 200 m.
The flat tops have a central low mound, shallow crater, or levees that surrounded lava ponds as large as 1 km across. Most
of the rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones formed on slopes <10° and formed adjacent semicircular steps down the flank of
Ni'ihau, rather than circular structures. All the flat-topped cones appear to be monogenetic and formed during steady effusive
eruptions lasting years to decades. These, and other submarine volcanic cones of similar size and shape, apparently form as
continuously overflowing submarine lava ponds. A lava pond surrounded by a levee forms above a sea-floor vent. As lava continues
to flow into the pond, the lava flow surface rises and overflows the lowest point on the levee, forming elongate pillow lava
flows that simultaneously build the rim outward and upward, but also dam and fill in the low point on the rim. The process
repeats at the new lowest point, forming a circular structure with a flat horizontal top and steep pillowed margins. There
is a delicate balance between lava (heat) supply to the pond and cooling and thickening of the floating crust. Factors that
facilitate construction of such landforms include effusive eruption of lava with low volatile contents, moderate to high confining
pressure at moderate to great ocean depth, long-lived steady eruption (years to decades), moderate effusion rates (probably
ca. 0.1 km3/year), and low, but not necessarily flat, slopes. With higher effusion rates, sheet flows flood the slope. With lower effusion
rates, pillow mounds form. Hawaiian shield-stage eruptions begin as fissure eruptions. If the eruption is too brief, it will
not consolidate activity at a point, and fissure-fed flows will form a pond with irregular levees. The pond will solidify
between eruptive pulses if the eruption is not steady. Lava that is too volatile rich or that is erupted in too shallow water
will produce fragmental and highly vesicular lava that will accumulate to form steep pointed cones, as occurs during the post-shield
stage. The steady effusion of lava on land constructs lava shields, which are probably the subaerial analogs to submarine
flat-topped cones but formed under different cooling conditions.
Received: 30 September 1999 / Accepted: 9 March 2000 相似文献