区域酸性沉降的数值研究 II. 个例模拟和试验

利用建立的区域酸性污染物沉降模式，配合中尺度模式MM4预报的气象场，以1991年6月12～14日淮河流域的一次降雨过程作为实例，对我国东半部及其相邻地区的酸沉降进行了数值模拟和试验研究。结果表明，模式基本上能够模拟出区域酸性沉降的特征，具有良好的综合模拟性能和广阔的应用前景。     

基于无人机垂直观测的南京PM2.5污染个例研究

为了深入理解边界层内气温、相对湿度对PM2.5垂直分布和近地面污染的影响,本文使用搭载了多参数大气环境探测传感器的无人机对南京2017年12月3～4日和12月23～24日的PM2.5浓度、气温和相对湿度进行垂直观测,结合对气象数据的分析及HYSPLIT4（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 4）轨迹计算模式的应用,对这两次PM2.5的垂直分布特征及污染过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明,PM2.5浓度和相对湿度呈明显的正相关关系,在12月23～24日的6次观测中相关系数均值达到0.96。逆温层下部,PM2.5浓度和相对湿度高且垂直差异较小;逆温层以上,PM2.5浓度和相对湿度随高度升高而迅速降低。由于大气扩散条件较差,导致PM2.5在华北平原南部不断累积,之后受到高压系统的影响分别向南和东南转移。这两次PM2.5污染过程都明显受到外部输送的影响,大气逆温对PM2.5和水汽的向上输送有明显的抑制作用,外部输送和局部逆温是导致这两次PM2.5污染的主要原因。     

Comparisons of Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation and Model Output Statistics in Improving Atmospheric Chemistry Forecasts

Atmospheric chemistry models usually perform badly in forecasting wintertime air pollution because of their uncertainties. Generally, such uncertainties can be decreased effectively by techniques such as data assimilation(DA) and model output statistics(MOS). However, the relative importance and combined effects of the two techniques have not been clarified. Here,a one-month air quality forecast with the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry(WRF-Chem) model was carried out in a virtually operational setup focusing on Hebei Province, China. Meanwhile, three-dimensional variational(3 DVar) DA and MOS based on one-dimensional Kalman filtering were implemented separately and simultaneously to investigate their performance in improving the model forecast. Comparison with observations shows that the chemistry forecast with MOS outperforms that with 3 DVar DA, which could be seen in all the species tested over the whole 72 forecast hours. Combined use of both techniques does not guarantee a better forecast than MOS only, with the improvements and degradations being small and appearing rather randomly. Results indicate that the implementation of MOS is more suitable than 3 DVar DA in improving the operational forecasting ability of WRF-Chem.     

南京郊区大气氮化物浓度和氮沉降通量的研究

为研究南京郊区的大气氮化物污染状况,进而估算其大气氮沉降通量,2005年6月-2006年5月在南京大学浦口校区气象园进行了大气、气溶胶和雨水样本的收集,同步进行近地面气象观测.在实验室分析大气氮化物NOx、NH3和有机氮浓度、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐和有机氮的质量浓度、雨水中NO-3、NO-2、NH+4离子和有机氮的质量浓度,利用气象资料和大叶阻力相似模型计算大气氮化物的干沉降速度,进而定量估算大气氮沉降通量.研究结果表明:南京郊区大气中有机氮浓度水平较高,无机氮(氨态氮和硝态氮)浓度水平较低.大气氮沉降量较大,且湿沉降和有机沉降贡献率占主导地位,这取决于本地区的下垫面和污染状况,同时也与气象条件有密切关系.     

Effects of climate change and nutrient concentrations on carbon sources for zooplankton in a Tibetan Plateau lake over the past millennium

Journal of Paleolimnology - Autochthonous and allochthonous organic carbon (OC) are important carbon sources for zooplankton in lakes, and changes in the abundance and proportions of those sources...     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶的浓度观测及辐射强迫研究

利用2008年南京大学浦口校区气溶胶采样数据对碳气溶胶的浓度变化特征进行了分析,建立了由气溶胶光学参量计算模块(OPAC)和辐射传输模型(TUV)组成的箱模式,并结合实际观测资料,利用该模式对南京北郊黑碳气溶胶的光学厚度及辐射强迫进行了评估。结果表明:南京北郊黑碳气溶胶(BC)的年平均浓度为6.7±4.6μg/m3,有机碳气溶胶(OC)的年平均浓度为21.3±13.3μg/m3,有机碳与黑碳气溶胶浓度的平均比值为3.4。黒碳气溶胶浓度具有夏季低、冬春季高的特点。由箱模式计算得到的黒碳气溶胶的年均光学厚度为0.07,年均吸收系数为44 Mm–1。白天正午晴空条件下黑碳所造成的最大瞬时地面辐射强迫可达-22.9±14.3 W/m2,在大气层顶造成的最大瞬时辐射强迫为12.5±7.3 W/m2。     

Simulation of Non-Homogeneous CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Its Impact on Regional Temperature in East Asia

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an important greenhouse gas that influences regional climate through disturbing the earth’s energy balance. The CO₂ concentrations are usually prescribed homogenously in most climate models and the spatiotemporal variations of CO₂ are neglected. To address this issue, a regional climate model (RegCM4) is modified to investigate the non-homogeneous distribution of CO₂ and its effects on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature in East Asia. One-year simulation is performed with prescribed surface CO₂ fluxes that include fossil fuel emission, biomass burning, air–sea exchange, and terrestrial biosphere flux. Two numerical experiments (one using constant prescribed CO₂ concentrations in the radiation scheme and the other using the simulated CO₂ concentrations that are spatially non-homogeneous) are conducted to assess the impact of non-homogeneous CO₂ on the regional longwave radiation flux and temperature. Comparison of CO₂ concentrations from the model with the observations from the GLOBALVIEW-CO₂ network suggests that the model can well capture the spatiotemporal patterns of CO₂ concentrations. Generally, high CO₂ mixing ratios appear in the heavily industrialized eastern China in cold seasons, which probably relates to intensive human activities. The accommodation of non-homogeneous CO₂ concentrations in the radiative transfer scheme leads to an annual mean change of–0.12 W m^–2 in total sky surface upward longwave flux in East Asia. The experiment with non-homogeneous CO₂ tends to yield a warmer lower troposphere. Surface temperature exhibits a maximum difference in summertime, ranging from–4.18 K to 3.88 K, when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. Our results indicate that the spatial and temporal distributions of CO₂ have a considerable impact on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature, and should be taken into account in future climate modeling.     

合肥市降水化学组成成分分析

为研究合肥市降水的化学组成成分,于2010年4—9月在合肥市国家基本气象站设立了采样点,进行降水的采集,对降水化学组成成分进行了测定,并系统分析了化学组成成分的特点。结果表明:合肥降水中阴离子主要为SO24-,阳离子主要为NH4+和Ca2+,[SO24-]/[NO3-]当量浓度比值范围为1.23～6.33,大部分样本的比值<3,说明酸雨类型以硝硫混合型为主。降水的酸度与单一离子当量浓度的相关性并不明显,应该是受多种离子综合影响的结果,SO24-与NO3-,Ca2+与Mg2+,NH4+与SO24-,NH4+与NO3-均表现出较好的相关性。     

Terra和Aqua卫星MODIS 3 km AOD与北京PM_(2.5)对比分析

本文利用2014年全年北京市12个空气质量监测站的逐小时PM_(2.5)地面观测资料,以及Terra卫星和Aqua卫星的MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,分析了地面PM_(2.5)和两颗卫星AOD的时空分布特征,并在时空匹配的基础上,建立了AOD与PM_(2.5)浓度之间的回归模型。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度在城区高、郊区低,最低值位于定陵站,城区站和郊区站的逐时PM_(2.5)浓度的日变化分别呈"双峰型"和"单峰型";两颗卫星AOD数值也均是城区高、郊区低,沿山区的边界有明显的AOD梯度,且城区上午Terra卫星的AOD高于下午Aqua卫星的AOD,而郊区上、下午的AOD基本相同;Aqua卫星AOD与PM_(2.5)的确定系数(R2)较Terra卫星AOD与PM_(2.5)的确定系数平均高0.11,且城区站点两颗卫星AOD与PM_(2.5)相关性均较郊区站点AOD与PM_(2.5)相关性偏高;综合来看,Aqua卫星的AOD与城区的PM_(2.5)相关系数最高,即Aqua卫星的AOD更适于监测和反演城区地面的PM_(2.5)。     

修正的拉格朗日K模式敏感性分析

本文分析修正的拉格朗日Ｋ模式分别对于混合层高度、风速、化学转化率、湿沉积清除速率、沉积速率、地面粗糙度、温度垂直递减率等参数的敏感性，得出的结果有利于保证对敏感因子的资料搜集和参数化方案的合理设计。