Genetic identification of two species of Pleuronichthys by DNA barcoding

DNA barcoding is a new method for biological taxonomy, offering the ability to identify species from fragments in any life-history stage. Pleuronichthys cornutus and P. japonicus are two morphologically similar species. Pleuronichthys japonicus has never been found previously in China. However, in this study, we identified both species using DNA barcoding (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)), the mtDNA control region and cytochrome b. The results reveal that: 1) intraspecific variation in the DNA barcode ...     

基于HASM方法的黑河流域潜在蒸发量的模拟

潜在蒸发作为研究蒸发及区域水循环的重要因素之一,其模拟结果对相关领域的研究应用具有重要影响。利用 2000-2009年“黑河流域每日四次常规气象观测数据集”所提供的12个气象站点的潜在蒸发数据,对黑河流域潜在蒸发量进行模拟。首先针对潜在蒸发的特点,分析影响研究区域潜在蒸发的气象因素、地理及地形因素,使用多项式回归和逐步回归的方法对研究区域潜在蒸发进行了背景趋势模拟,选出影响潜在蒸发的最优影响因素组合,在此基础上采用高精度曲面建模（HASM）方法,结合站点实测数据,对去掉趋势后的残差进行精度修正。本文使用kriging法、IDW法和Spline法插值所得潜在蒸发数据,以及“黑河流域1980-2010年3 km 6 h模拟气象强迫数据”作为对照,比较验证模拟精度。模拟结果表明：HASM方法模拟精度最高,模拟结果分布合理,表明该方法在潜在蒸发模拟中具有应用前景。该方法所得到的潜在蒸发数据可作为基础地理数据供相关研究应用。     

高精度曲面建模的三维地形可视化研究

根据高精度曲面建模理论(HASM)中曲面单元算法的特点,提出基于视点的多分辨率LOD实时生成算法。该方法通过对规则格网的DEM数据进行划分,以单元分片为基本单位对DEM数据进行组织。根据各曲面单元与视点的相对关系,以不同间距对曲面单元进行内插,实时重建视景内的三维地形。在实时显示过程中,对硬盘中的数据进行实时读取,采用多线程技术对图像渲染操作进行处理,实现了对DEM数据的实时计算、动态显示。该方法无需对规则格网DEM数据建立空间层次组织结构,在对虚拟地形进行实时漫游过程中,存储空间占用少,不受数据规模的影响。     

新型变权弱化缓冲算子的构造

根据灰色系统理论中的新信息优先利用原则,在灰色系统缓冲算子三公理体系下构造了新型变权弱化缓冲算子,研究了缓冲算子调节度与可变权重之间的关系.变权缓冲算子有效解决了由于传统缓冲算子不能实现作用强度的微调而导致的缓冲作用效果过强或过弱的问题.最后,通过实例说明了变权缓冲算子在控制作用强度方面的灵活性.     

Shallow Genetic Structure of Pholis fangi in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea Inferred from mt DNA Control Region

Pholis fangi is an ecologically important fish species inhabiting Chinese coastal waters of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. To investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of P. fangi, a fragment of 487 bp in the first hypervariable region(HVR-1) of the mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) control region was sequenced for 181 individuals collected from Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. A total of 18 polymorphic sites were detected, which defined 25 haplotypes. A moderate level of haplotype diversity(h = 0.7052) and a low level of nucleotide diversity(π = 0.0028) were detected. Both the phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network showed no significant genealogical structure difference among sampling locations. Pairwise FST comparison and hierarchical molecular variance analysis(AMOVA) revealed that no significant genetic structure difference existed throughout the investigated regions, suggesting a high gene exchange among different populations. The results of neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that a late Pleistocene population expansion(38000–127000 years ago) happened. Seasonal schooling migration may contribute to the genetically homogeneous population structure of the species.     

生物多样性模型的理论分析

本文首先概括了50年代以来公开发表的27个生物多样性模型和有关专家对其中大多数模型的批评。在此基础上,以使用最广泛的Shannon模型为例,剖析了大多数生物多样性模型不能被成功应用于实践研究的根源所在;以基于分维几何学的物种多样性模型为例,从理论上分析了这种综合生物多样性模型的完备性。并以位于中国东北样带(NECT)东部的温带针阔叶混交林地区的8个样地作为案例,对比分析了Shannon模型大样本要求的局限性和基于分维几何学的综合生物多样性模型的实用性。     

Surface modeling of DEMs based on a sequential adjustment method

A sequential adjustment (SA) method is employed to decrease the computational cost of high-accuracy surface modeling (HASM), and the SA of HASM (HASM-SA) is being developed. A mathematical surface was used to comparatively analyze the computing speed of SA and the classical iterative solvers provided by MATLAB 7.7 for solving the system of linear equations of HASM. Results indicate that SA is much faster than the classical iterative solvers. The computing time of HASM-SA is determined by not only the total number of grid cells but also the number of sampling points in the computational domain. A real-world example of surface modeling of digital elevation models (DEMs) with various resolutions shows that HASM-SA is averagely more accurate and much faster than the commonly used interpolation methods, such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging, and three versions of spline, namely regularized spline (RSpline), thin-plate spline (TPS), and ANUDEM in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean error (ME). In particular, the ME of HASM-SA at different spatial resolutions is averagely smaller than those of IDW, kriging, RSpline, TPS, and ANUDEM by 85%, 83%, 83%, 53%, and 19%, respectively. The high speed and high accuracy of HASM-SA can be due to the absence of matrix inversion computation, combined with the perfect fundamental theorem of HASM.     

全国区域化探数据库

全国区域化探数据库首次汇集了全国28个省（自治区、直辖市）的1∶20万和1∶50万区域化探39种元素和氧化物的测试数据,共计数据点142万个,近5 540万个数据,涉及1∶20万图幅1 299个,1∶50万图幅18个,在国内第一次建立了地球化学海量数据库。全国矿产资源潜力评价项目对数据库进行了更新,使全国区域化探数据库汇集数据总量达147万余条记录,数据达6 321万。在此基础上,编制了4万多张各类地球化学系列图件,并建立了空间数据库,为地球化学研究和矿产资源预测相关专业提供了丰富的地球化学信息。该项成果的取得为在全国范围内研究区域地球化学分布、生态环境、基础地质和找矿远景规划提供了最基础的资料。     

1980-2018年中国极端高温事件时空格局演变特征

基于全国2 419个气象站1980—2018年逐日气象观测资料,利用Mann-Kendall突变检验、滑动t检验、空间自相关及标准差椭圆等方法,选取4个典型的极端高温指数,分析了中国极端高温事件时空格局演变特征。结果表明：① 中国近40 a来夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜日数和暖昼日数均呈显著的上升趋势,4个指数均在20世纪80、90年代偏少,2000年以后逐渐增加,4个极端高温指数均在2000年左右发生显著变化。② 4种极端高温指数的空间自相关主要是以高?高和低?低2种空间聚集形态为主,夏天日数和热夜日数的聚集性较强,近40 a来暖夜日数和暖昼日数的空间聚集性先增强后减弱,且空间聚集性分布格局由高?高包围低?低转变为低?低包围高?高。③ 4个指数变化率最大的站点均位于南方地区,其中夏天日数变化率最大的站点呈东西向分布格局,其余3个指数变化率最大的站点呈南北向分布格局,西南、西北地区交界地带夏天日数和暖昼日数在近40 a来变化率均显著高于全国其他地区,华东沿海地区暖夜日数的变化趋势方向性分布最明显,且变化趋势高于全国其他地区。     

Use of calcein and alizarin red S for immersion marking of black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii juveniles

Black rockfi sh Sebastes schlegelii juveniles(30–40 mm total length) were immersed in a range of calcein(CAL) solutions at concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mg/L and alizarin red S(ARS) solutions at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L in fi ltered seawater(salinity 30) for 24 h. Fluorescent marks were detected in otoliths(sagittae, asteriscus), scales, fi n rays(dorsal, pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fi n rays), and fi n spines(dorsal, ventral, and anal fi n spines) after a 60-d growth experiment. With the exception of 50–100 mg/L CAL, acceptable marks were produced in the otoliths and fi n spines by all concentrations of CAL and ARS. In particular, marks were clearly visible under normal light in the sagittae, asteriscus, and fi n spines of fi sh immersed in 200–500 mg/L, 300–500 mg/L, and 200–500 mg/L ARS, respectively. Scales and fi n rays had acceptable marks at much higher concentrations(≥50 mg/L CAL, ≥300 mg/L ARS for scales and ≥50 mg/L CAL, ≥200 mg/L ARS for fi n rays). The mark quality was highest(i.e., acceptable marks were observed in all sampled structures after immersion marking) in fi sh immersed in 150–250 mg/L CAL or 300–500 mg/L ARS. In addition, there was no signifi cant difference in survival and growth of marked fi sh compared with controls 60 d post-marking( P 0.05).