Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of natural water in the border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The special geography and human environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has created the unique hydrochemical characteristics of the region’s natural water,...     

赤平投影法与Sarma法相结合在高陡岩质边坡稳定性评价中的应用

本文以万山地质文化产业园基岩边坡为例,采用赤平极射投影法、Sarma法相结合,定量计算和评价了边坡的稳定性,得出了完全一致的计算和评价结论：该高陡岩质边坡目前处于不稳定状态。文中采用两种方法计算并相互印证,对下一阶段该边坡的设计、施工等提供了重要依据,对类似工程有很好的参考和借鉴作用。     

现代土壤磁化率空间分布特征及成壤影响因素分析——以桑干河阳原段为例

为了揭示影响成壤作用发生的主要因素,对河北省阳原县桑干河流域表层土壤开展常规土壤指标和环境磁学参数的地统计学分析,结果表明,土壤的频率磁化率(χ_(fd20))、Eh值、有机质、黏土—粉砂含量等参数的空间分布特征受控于研究区的高程,而土壤的含水量、铁游离度和活化度的空间分布特征受控于坡向。因此,在影响成壤作用的五大因素(母质、气候、地形、有机质、时间)中,地形(高程、坡向)是影响研究区成壤作用强弱的主要因素。此外,虽然前人发现频率磁化率和铁游离度都能反映铁氧化物含量和成壤作用强弱,但本次研究通过对比空间分布特征发现,频率磁化率与有机质、Eh值等土壤指标有较好的相似性,且与耕地类型分布一致,所以,相对于铁游离度,频率磁化率更能反映研究区土壤发育状况。     

植硅体与稳定同位素分析揭示的新疆汉代驻军多样的农作物利用策略

两汉时期西域戍边遗址驻军的农作物利用策略及生业模式研究对于深入了解中原王朝的屯垦政策以及西域汉代驻军的环境适应策略具有重要意义.目前,已有的西域屯垦戍边研究主要关注于军事屯田的起源、分布及影响等,而对两汉时期戍边遗址驻军的生业状况尤其是农作物组成及利用策略尚缺乏系统研究.本文通过对新疆(古代称为西域)石城子遗址土壤样品的植硅体分析与动物骨骼样品的稳定碳氮同位素研究,揭示了新疆汉代驻军多样的农作物利用策略及生业组成.研究发现黍(Panicum miliaceum)和青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.)应该是石城子遗址驻军主要的粮食作物,而房址地面土样中较高的C4植硅体含量可能表明驻军对植物资源,也许是谷物进行的脱壳处理.草拌泥土壤样品中发现的黍类稃壳遗存,则很好地揭示了农作物副产品在房址墙体建设中的重要作用.此外,羊(Ovis sp./Capra sp.)、牛(Bos sp.)等动物骨骼样品的稳定同位素分析更为我们展示了农作物栽培与家畜饲养之间的可能联系,具体表现为驻军可能利用黍类以及青稞作物秸秆对部分羊、牛等家养食草动物进行饲喂.而以黍与青稞为主的农业,以羊牛为主的畜牧业以及狩猎活动一道构成了石城子遗址驻军多样的生业组成.     

Geology and inclusion studies on the genesis of the Baolun gold deposit in Hainan Province,South China

The late Triassic Baolun gold deposit hosted by Silurian phyllites is a large‐scale high‐grade gold deposit in Hainan Island, South China. The ores can be classified into quartz‐vein dominated type and less altered rock type. Three mineralization stages were recognized by mineral assemblages. The early stage, as the most important mineralization stage, is characterized by a quartz–native gold assemblage. The muscovite?quartz?pyrite?native gold assemblage is related to the intermedium mineralization stage. In late mineralization stage, native gold and Bi‐bearing minerals are paragenetic minerals. Microthermometry analyses show that the early mineralization stage is characterized by two types of fluid inclusions, including CO₂‐rich inclusions (C‐type) and aqueous inclusions (W‐type). C‐type inclusions homogenize at 276–335°C with an averaged value of 306°C and have salinities of 1.0–10.0 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 4.9 wt% NaCl equivalent). W‐type inclusions homogenize at 252–301°C (mean value of 278°C) with salinity of 4.0–9.7 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 7.4 wt% NaCl equivalent). In intermedium mineralization stage, C‐type and W‐type inclusions homogenize at 228–320°C (mean value of 283°C) and 178–296°C (mean value of 241°C), with salinities of 2.4–9.9 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 6.5 wt% NaCl equivalent) and 3.7–11.7 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 7.7 wt% NaCl equivalent), respectively. No suitable mineral, such as quartz or calcite, was found for fluid inclusion study from late mineralization stage. In contrast, only aqueous inclusions were found from post‐ore barren veins, which yielded lower homogenization temperatures ranging from 168–241°C (mean value of 195°C) and similar salinities (2.6–12.6 wt% NaCl equivalent with averaged value of 7.2 wt% NaCl equivalent). The different homogenization temperatures and similar salinities of C‐type and W‐type from each mineralization stage indicate that fluid immiscibility and boiling occurred. The Baolun gold deposit was precipitated from a CO₂‐bearing mesothermal fluid, and formed at a syn‐collision environment following the closure of the Paleo‐Tethys.     

抽出-处理技术抽出污染地下水——抽出效率及抽出终点

针对抽出-处理技术修复污染地下水过程中抽水井抽出效率随时间逐渐降低、抽出-处理技术运行终点（以下简称"抽出终点"）难以确定的问题,提出通过评估抽水井抽出效率,以分段、多次优化抽水方案提高抽出效率、降低修复成本、减少修复时间为工作思路,利用层次分析法和专家打分法实现方案优化时间节点选择。以青海某铬盐厂为例,通过建立抽水方案优化时间节点评价指标体系,可定量分析方案优化时间节点,合理确定抽出终点。结果显示：第1次优化结果为抽水井抽出效率在20%~40%时应重新布设抽水方案（P₃）,即采用原抽水方案抽水100 d后需重新布设抽水井;第2次优化结果为抽水井抽出效率在20%~40%时应与其他修复技术联用（P₇）,即采用一次优化后抽水方案继续抽水300 d后需联合其他修复技术开展治理。经评估,2次优化可有效提高抽水井抽出效率,使修复时间缩短600 d,相同时间内含水层中六价铬去除率增加8.31%。     

无人机正射影像辅助无人船测深的作业方法探讨

无人船测深系统被越来越广泛地应用于采集水深数据。在复杂水域环境中进行作业时,无人船受到工作底图及导航方式的限制,难以采用自动航行模式进行测绘,因此提出了一种无人机正射影像辅助无人船测深的作业方法。通过无人机快速获取测区正射影像成果,利用正射影像辅助进行测区划定和测线布设,避开可能造成作业风险的水上障碍物和岸滩。并在此基础上进行自动航行线路的规划设计,在水位不低于正射影像获取水位时开展无人船测深作业。经验证,采用该方法能够最大限度的完成测绘任务,同时降低作业强度与风险,具有较好的应用价值。     

不同植被指数在基于TVDI方法反演土壤水分中的应用

研究增强型植被指数基于Landsat-8数据反演土壤水分的可行性及适用性,分析研究区土壤水分总体分布,提高该地区应对干旱灾害的能力。基于温度植被干旱指数方法,以淮河流域上游地区作为研究区,基于2017年2月的Landsat-8影像,分别计算了地表温度、归一化植被指数、增强型植被指数,基于TVDI构建了两种土壤水分反演模型。研究比较了:1) EVI在TM数据中的应用特点;2)研究区土壤含水率的空间分布特征;3)两种模型反演结果的差异。结果表明:1)基于TM数据计算的EVI总体明显低于NDVI,但不同时间段的结果并不总是低于NDVI;2)基于EVI的模型结果精度低于基于NDVI模型结果。3)两种模型结果与植被覆盖度、地表温度的关系均为负相关,其中,基于EVI的模型结果与地表温度的负相关程度极高,即基于EVI的模型结果受植被影响较小,受温度影响程度高。     

土地分离与共享框架的研究现状及应用拓展

“土地分离”与“土地共享”是2种不同的土地利用思维方式,反映人类土地利用的决策选择。中国有大量包含土地分离和共享思维的实践,但缺乏将这些实践案例纳入统一体系的研究范式。土地分离与共享框架最初用来探索粮食生产与生物多样性保护的权衡关系。经过10多年的发展,其理论内涵和研究内容不断丰富,是地理资源与环境领域重要的研究议题。论文在解析土地分离与共享框架内涵的基础上,综述土地分离与共享框架的相关研究成果,探讨土地分离与土地共享的策略选择。研究发现土地分离与共享相关研究存在从农业环境主题向城市管理主题转化的趋势,而且除了强调单一生物多样性保护和农业生产外,还有少数研究开始关注碳储存、土壤保持等其他生态系统服务类型;尽管土地分离与土地共享策略各有其优势和局限,但在目前的研究和实践中,土地分离比土地共享更受青睐。论文基于土地的多功能性进一步扩展该框架在城市用地管理中的应用,可为复杂社会—生态系统可持续发展提供路径指导。     

Potassium isotopic compositions of enstatite meteorites

Enstatite chondrites and aubrites are meteorites that show the closest similarities to the Earth in many isotope systems that undergo mass‐independent and mass‐dependent isotopic fractionations. Due to the analytical challenges to obtain high‐precision K isotopic compositions in the past, potential differences in K isotopic compositions between enstatite meteorites and the Earth remained uncertain. We report the first high‐precision K isotopic compositions of eight enstatite chondrites and four aubrites and find that there is a significant variation of K isotopic compositions among enstatite meteorites (from ?2.34‰ to ?0.18‰). However, K isotopic compositions of nearly all enstatite meteorites scatter around the bulk silicate earth (BSE) value. The average K isotopic composition of the eight enstatite chondrites (?0.47 ± 0.57‰) is indistinguishable from the BSE value (?0.48 ± 0.03‰), thus further corroborating the isotopic similarity between Earth's building blocks and enstatite meteorite precursors. We found no correlation of K isotopic compositions with the chemical groups, petrological types, shock degrees, and terrestrial weathering conditions; however, the variation of K isotopes among enstatite meteorite can be attributed to the parent‐body processing. Our sample of the main‐group aubrite MIL 13004 is exceptional and has an extremely light K isotopic composition (δ⁴¹K = ?2.34 ± 0.12‰). We attribute this unique K isotopic feature to the presence of abundant djerfisherite inclusions in our sample because this K‐bearing sulfide mineral is predicted to be enriched in ³⁹K during equilibrium exchange with silicates.