鳗鲡目鱼类线粒体蛋白质编码基因易位及系统演化关系分析

鳗鲡目鱼类线粒体基因组的基因组成较为保守,在58个线粒体基因组中,仅有3个物种存在基因数量的差异。在19个鳗鲡目鱼类线粒体基因组中存在主编码基因的重排。主编码基因的变异位点分析结果支持nad5、nad4和nad2基因作为cox1和lrRNA基因辅助的分子标记。鳗鲡科Anguillidae的20个种(亚种)聚在一起,强烈支持鳗鲡科为单系群(BPP=100)。鳗鲡科下属的3个类群(大洋洲类群、大西洋类群和印度洋-太平洋类群)也同时得到有力的验证(BPP均为100)。线鳗科Nemichthyidae和锯齿鳗科Serrivomeridae亲缘关系最近,二者聚类后,与鳗鲡科Anguillidae构成姊妹群(BPP=100)。在囊喉鱼亚目Saccopharyngoidei中,宽咽鱼科Eurypharyngidae与囊鳃鳗科Saccopharyngidae聚类(BPP=100),同时,单颌鳗科Monognathidae与月尾鳗科Cyematidae聚类(BPP=100),4个科聚在一支,支持囊喉鱼亚目为单系群(BPP=100)。在囊喉鱼亚目线粒体基因组中,3个物种(吞鳗Eurypharynx pelecanoides、拉文囊鳃鳗Saccopharynx lavenbergi和杰氏单颌鳗Monognathus jesperseni)存在主编码基因的重排。16种鳗鲡(细美体鳗Ariosoma shiroanago、短吻颈鳗Derichthys serpentinus、凯氏短尾康吉鳗Coloconger cadenati、鸭颈鳗Nessorhamphus ingolfianus、龟草鳗Thalassenchelys sp.、粗犁齿海鳗Cynoponticus ferox、百吉海鳗Muraenesox bagio、巨斑花蛇鳗Myrichthys maculosus、大吻沙蛇鳗Ophisurus macrorhynchos、几内亚副康吉鳗Paraconger notialis、哈氏异康吉鳗Heteroconger hassi、小头鸭嘴鳗Nettastoma parviceps、弱头鳗Leptocephalus sp.、斑点长犁齿鳗Hoplunnis punctata、尖吻小鸭嘴鳗Facciolella oxyrhyncha和星康吉鳗Conger myriaster),与鳗鲡目线粒体主编码基因的原始排列相比,共享nad6基因的易位。同时,基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因构建的系统演化树,强烈支持这16个物种聚为一支(BPP=100)。然而,由此而带来的海鳗科Muraenesocidae、拟鯙科Chlopsidae和糯鳗科Congridae是否为单系群的问题,值得今后深入探究。     

东海表层水体中的多环芳烃及其沉积通量估算

以东海陆架水体中溶解态多环芳烃(PAHs)含量为基础,引入颗粒相-水相间的物质吸附系数(Koc)计算悬浮颗粒物中PAHs有机碳归一化含量,结合陆架沉积物有机碳的年埋藏通量,估算东海陆架沉积物中PAHs沉积通量。结果显示:水体中溶解态的15种PAHs总含量为(701±392)ng/L,变化范围为412~1 032ng/L,PAHs组成以3环为主。计算得到的悬浮颗粒物中15种PAHs有机碳归一化含量为20~28μg/g,对应的PAHs沉积通量为150~210t/a。估算结果与实测沉积物中PAHs含量和沉积通量结果基本吻合,表明实验室模拟实验获取的化合物Koc值适用于东海颗粒相-水相间的分配模型,证实悬浮颗粒物有机碳含量在控制PAHs两相分布过程中起着重要作用。同时,该方法为海洋沉积物中PAHs沉积通量的估算提供一种新途径。     

基于MapReduce计算模型的气象资料处理调优试验

云计算技术使用分布式的计算技术实现了并行计算的计算能力和计算效率,解决了单机服务器计算能力低的问题。基于长序列历史资料所计算得出的气候标准值对于气象领域实时业务、准实时业务及科学研究中均具有重要的意义。由于长序列历史资料数据量大、运算逻辑较复杂,在传统单节点计算平台上进行整编计算耗时非常长。该文基于Hadoop分布式计算框架搭建了集群模式的云计算平台,以长序列历史资料作为源数据,基于MapReduce计算模型实现了部分整编算法,提高计算时效。同时,由于数据源本身具有文件个数多、单个文件小等特点,对数据源存储形式及数据文件大小进行改造,分别利用SequenceFile方式及文本文件合并方式对同一种场景进行计算时效对比测试,分别测试了10个文件合并、100个文件合并两种情况,使时效性得到了更大程度的提升。     

Effects of meridional sea surface temperature changes on stratospheric temperature and circulation

Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model,we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature （SST）.The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex.In the model runs,global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere,while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere.The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere.Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves,the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes.Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation （BDC）,but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling,with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase.     

Representation of tropical subseasonal variability of precipitation in global reanalyses

Tropical subseasonal variability of precipitation from five global reanalyses (RAs) is evaluated against Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations. The RAs include the three generations of global RAs from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and two other RAs from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC). The analysis includes comparisons of the seasonal means and subseasonal variances of precipitation, and probability densities of rain intensity in selected areas. In addition, the space–time power spectrum was computed to examine the tropical Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs). The modern RAs show significant improvement in their representation of the mean state and subseasonal variability of precipitation when compared to the two older NCEP RAs: patterns of the seasonal mean state and the amplitude of subseasonal variability are more realistic in the modern RAs. However, the probability density of rain intensity in the modern RAs show discrepancies from observations that are similar to what the old RAs have. The modern RAs show higher coherence of CCEWs with observed variability and more realistic eastward propagation of the MJO precipitation. The modern RAs, however, exhibit common systematic deficiencies including: (1) variability of the CCEWs that tends to be either too weak or too strong, (2) limited coherence with observations for waves other than the MJO, and (3) a systematic phase lead or lag for the higher-frequency waves.     

长江三峡地区成冰纪-埃迪卡拉纪转换时期微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

通过微量元素和稀土元素地球化学分析,对长江三峡地区陡山沱组层型剖面--田家园子剖面成冰系南沱组顶部和埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部102个岩石样品进行了地球化学研究。重点分析了氧化还原敏感元素(Zn,Co,U,Mo,Ni,V)的富集特征,并探讨其可能成因机制以及三峡地区成冰纪-埃迪卡拉纪转换时期的水体特征。结果表明:在南沱组顶部仅Zn和Co富集;在盖帽白云岩下部,氧化还原敏感元素均富集,而在盖帽白云岩上部,除Zn和V外,其他氧化还原敏感元素均亏损;在陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部,氧化还原敏感元素由最初的亏损,逐渐变为较稳定的富集。在陡山沱组下部,出现2次明显的富集峰值,分别出现在剖面的0.4m处(盖帽白云岩中间)和6.5m处(陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部)。整个剖面大部分样品具有Eu的轻微正异常(Eu/Eu^*＜1.6), 而在剖面0.4m和6.5m处,Eu具有明显的正异常,结合稀土配分类型、Y/Ho值、La异常、Ce异常等指标,推测这2次异常均可能受到深海热液流的影响,而缺氧海水的上涌造成水体缺氧,导致这些元素出现富集峰值。U/Th、V/(V+Ni)以及稀土元素指标综合指示,三峡地区南沱组顶部冰碛岩应为氧化环境下的沉积物;随着冰川消融,冰融淡水注入古海洋,陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐的沉积受冰融淡水的影响,深部缺氧海水的上涌使沉积水体经历氧化-缺氧-氧化的转变,海水的分层性较强;而陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部沉积环境以分层性较弱的弱氧化环境为主。     

晋冀低山丘陵区人工扰动植被花粉组合特征

54个晋冀低山丘陵区人工和人工扰动植被表土花粉样品分析表明:花粉组合以草本植物花粉(74.5％)为主,乔木花粉含量低于20％。人类活动较强的农田以谷物禾本科、蒿属和藜科花粉为主,人类活动较弱的荒地以蒿属、藜科和杂草禾本科花粉为主。人类活动强度不同,指示种不同,孢粉浓度亦不同;农田指示种为谷物禾本科、葡萄科和胡桃科,孢粉浓度约4380粒/g;而蒿属、蓼科和蔷薇科则为荒地指示种,孢粉浓度约10983粒/g。农作物种植方式不同,谷物禾本科花粉含量不同,单一禾本科作物种植区谷物禾本科花粉含量(40.2％)高于多种作物混作区(18.8％)和荒地(3.8％)的含量。谷物禾本科含量的变化可以为利用化石花粉提取和检测人类活动信息提供依据,也可为利用地层中谷物禾本科花粉判断古代农业活动提供依据。     

彬长矿区煤层气储层参数及开发潜力

彬长矿区煤的变质程度低,矿井瓦斯涌出量大,瓦斯治理形势日趋严峻。根据矿区地质勘查、井下及煤层气井所获得的地质资料显示,煤层气开发的主要目标4煤层厚度大,分布稳定,煤体结构好,渗透率和气含量相对较高,气含量最高可达6.29m3/t,估算煤层气资源量为132.743×108m3。依据煤层气资源丰度划分,矿区煤层气富集区总面积为87.41km2,资源量为40.06×108m3,主要分布在大佛寺井田,相对富集区主要位于胡家河井田中南部和孟村井田东部,贫气区主要位于孟村井田西部、文家坡井田。综合分析认为研究区煤层气开发地质条件相对较好,属于可以抽采煤层,大佛寺井田为地面煤层气勘探开发最具潜力的地区。     

Occurrence modes and cleaning potential of sulfur and some trace elements in a high-sulfur coal from Pu’an coalfield,SW Guizhou,China

In this research, a float-sink test was applied to a Late Permian high-sulfur coal collected from Pu’an coalfield, Southwest in Guizhou, China. To investigate the occurrence modes and the mobility of various trace elements, as well as the cleaning potential of some harmful elements in density separation, coal quality parameters and concentrations of 46 elements of 7 density fractionated samples were determined and statistically analyzed. Results show that larger size and higher density fractions have higher total sulfur content and ash yield than the smaller and lower ones. In fact, most (74.39 %) of the total sulfur occurs in the inorganic matter. Affinity and correlation analysis show that Mo and Ni have apparently strong organic affinity, whereas Rh, Cs, Sr, Co, Nb, Zr, V, Ga, Sc, Be, Ge, Hf, Th, U, Ag, As, In, Cu, Cd, Ta, Li, TI, and Ba are mostly in the heavy fractions. Rare earth element (REE) patterns for the seven density fractions present good uniformity and show that they are of right-inclined pattern type characterized by Light REE (LREE, La ~ Eu) enrichment relative to Heavy REE (HREE, Gd ~ Lu) and pronounced negative δ _Eu anomalies. This suggests that REE was mainly derived from basalt-weathered materials. LRREE/HREE ratio variations reveal that LREE has stronger affinity with the organic matter relative to the HREE, while high LRREE/HREE in heavy fractions may be related to pyrite. Supposing the maximum sulfur content of the cleaned coal is 1.00 %, the theoretical removal ratios of Co, TI, and Ba are as high as 90.94, 93.73, and 92.29 %, respectively, while those of As, Ni and Mo are only 56.33, 48.85, and 45.05 %, respectively. As these figures change with different maximum sulfur contents required for the cleaned coal, not only the decrease of sulfur and ash in coal washing, but also the mobility of some harmful trace elements should be taken into consideration.     

青海东昆仑哈日扎多金属矿区构造活动的锆石裂变径迹定年分析

青海省哈日扎多金属矿区位于东昆仑东段,属东昆中多旋回岩浆弧带,是新的矿产勘查基地,成矿作用主要受NE和NW向两组构造蚀变带控制。本文通过不同类型样品的锆石裂变径迹定年分析,探讨区内的构造活动。所获得的10个样品年龄为116~204 Ma,并由3个组年龄构成,即204~181 Ma,142~168 Ma和116~120 Ma。第1组年龄204~181 Ma反映印支晚期三叠纪末羌塘地块与昆仑地块碰撞的地质事件及其时限;后两组年龄主要是晚侏罗世~早白垩世冈底斯地体向北与羌塘地体碰撞汇聚的响应,活动时限为168~116 Ma。第2和3组年龄同时表明本区燕山期构造活动存在强度差异,即有两个强作用期。同时,3组年龄也揭示本区具有多期次成矿活动。