滇东南富宁地区基性侵入岩与峨眉山地幔柱存在成因关系吗?——来自1∶5万洞波幅和皈朝幅地质填图的证据

在滇东南富宁地区,出露一系列以辉绿岩为主、含少量辉长辉绿岩和辉绿玢岩的基性侵入岩。根据地球化学、同位素地球化学以及锆石U-Pb年代学等分析结果,前人将这些基性侵入岩视作峨眉山大火成岩省的组成部分,源自峨眉山地幔柱。国内外研究的共识认为,峨眉山地幔柱活动发生于263~252Ma之间,持续时间极短。在开展1∶2.5万大比例尺地质调查与填图(洞波幅和皈朝幅1∶5万地质调查手图)过程中,我们发现,这些基性侵入岩不仅侵入古生代地层,还侵入了富宁县皈朝一带的晚二叠世-中三叠世岛弧玄武安山岩(255~241Ma)以及早-中三叠世地层。这些地质事实表明,富宁地区基性侵入岩的形成时代至少晚于中三叠世Anisian期或更晚,与峨眉山地幔柱活动时代存在很大的时差,岩石类型与组合上也与峨眉山大火成岩省的有很大差异。根据我们填图过程中获得的基本地质事实分析,滇东南富宁地区的基性侵入岩是华南地块与北越地块间的古特提斯分支洋盆闭合、两个地块碰撞造山(即印支造山)后的岩浆活动产物,与峨眉山地幔柱没有成因关系。     

敦煌造山带长山子地区变质演化及年代学研究

长山子地区位于敦煌造山带东北部,瓜州南部约100km处。该区主要出露一套中-高级变质表壳岩,主要岩石类型有长英质片麻岩、变泥质麻粒岩、高压基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪片麻岩。高压基性麻粒岩岩块、斜长角闪片麻岩岩块以构造透镜体或布丁(长度为0. 5~15m)的形式,被夹持于长英质片麻岩、变泥质麻粒岩组成的基质之中,呈现典型"基质夹岩块"的混杂带特征。高压基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪片麻岩、泥质麻粒岩中,普遍保留了二至三个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质阶段矿物组合(M1)为石榴子石变斑晶中的细小矿物包裹体,变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)为石榴子石变斑晶和基质矿物,退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)主要为围绕石榴子石变斑晶边部发育的"白眼圈"状后成合晶。本区各类变质岩石均记录了顺时针型变质作用P-T轨迹,系典型俯冲-碰撞造山带变质作用特征。退变质阶段P-T轨迹属于西阿尔卑斯型,说明变质岩折返速率较快。变质高峰期(M2)属于中压变质相系,P-T条件分别为790~870℃/1.29~1.37GPa(高压基性麻粒岩)、680~685℃/0.89~0.97GPa(斜长角闪片麻岩)、860~880℃/0.90~1.14GPa(变泥质麻粒岩),它们之间存在大的差异。这说明,它们是形成于同一俯冲隧道内不同深度的变质岩石,在构造折返阶段才混杂在一起形成构造混杂岩。二次离子质谱(SIMS)锆石U-Pb定年表明,长山子地区变质杂岩记录了早泥盆世的俯冲事件(419~417Ma)。     

北京云蒙山大水峪韧性剪切带糜棱岩的变形温度

横穿北京云蒙山东部的白垩纪大水峪韧性剪切带的云蒙峡剖面中,主体岩石为花岗质-闪长质糜棱岩,普遍发生了脆性-韧性变形。糜棱岩中的残斑为斜长石、钾长石,基质为斜长石、钾长石、石英、角闪石、黑云母。糜棱岩中一类斜长石基质与斜长石残斑化学成分基本相同,是斜长石残斑机械破碎的产物,未经历动态重结晶。另一类斜长石基质的An值明显高于斜长石残斑的An值,表明此类斜长石基质经历了动态重结晶作用。糜棱岩中钾长石基质的Or值略大于钾长石残斑Or值。本文根据糜棱岩中经历动态重结晶的斜长石基质和钾长石基质,采用二长石温度计估算的糜棱岩韧性变形温度条件为450～630℃。发现随着背离云蒙山岩基的方向,自西而东,大水峪糜棱岩带的韧性变形温度条件有明显的递降现象。     

敦煌造山带南部红柳峡混杂带基质的沉积学、地球化学和年代学特征及其大地构造意义

敦煌造山带南部红柳峡混杂带基质的研究,为认识敦煌造山带的形成和演化提供了新的依据。本文从沉积学、地球化学和年代学等方面系统讨论了该混杂带基质的特征和形成环境。结果显示,基质的岩石类型主要包括变泥质岩(云母石英片岩)和变质砂岩,普遍发生强烈变形。局部弱变形变质的基质仍保留有原生沉积构造(如T_(ab)、T_(de)、T_(bde)组合的鲍马序列),反映原岩是一套浊积岩复理石。显微岩相学特征显示,基质碎屑组分以长石、石英和岩屑为主,长石和岩屑含量较高,分别为47%和27%,反映大量火成岩物质的加入,且碎屑颗粒的分选性和磨圆度较差,说明搬运距离较近。地球化学方面,低的化学蚀变指数(CIA=49~67),反映复理石基质物源区母岩经历的风化程度较低。高的成分变化指数(ICV0.8)以及Zr/Sc-Th/Sc投图结果显示,沉积物再循环程度低,为近物源区的初次沉积。基质Sc、Cr、Co、Ni含量低,Eu/Eu*、La/Sc、Th/Sc、La/Co、Th/Co和Cr/Th等元素比值类似于来自长英质源区的沉积物,暗示其物源区母岩以中-酸性岩石为主。La/Sc-Ti/Zr和Th-ScZr/10投图结果显示,复理石基质形成于陆缘弧或活动大陆边缘构造背景。弱变形浅变质砂岩的碎屑模式表明,基质的物源来自"切割型弧-过渡型弧"源区。综上,红柳峡混杂带基质在碎屑组成方面,以再循环程度低、近物源堆积的"切割型弧-过渡型弧"源区长英质碎屑组分为主,在沉积构造方面,发育鲍马序列和深水块体搬运沉积(MTD)构造,表明基质形成于陆缘弧或活动大陆边缘的俯冲带海沟环境。碎屑锆石年代学显示三组年龄:2300Ma、1850Ma和423Ma,结合区域地质背景分析,初步认为物源碎屑可能来自混杂带北侧的三危山弧和东巴兔-蘑菇台弧的古生代花岗岩类以及俯冲折返的变质基性岩岩块。复理石基质的变质砂岩中获得的最年轻的岩浆碎屑锆石年龄为389Ma,说明该砂岩形成于中泥盆世之后,暗示敦煌造山带南部红柳峡地区洋盆尚未俯冲完毕,碰撞作用尚未开始。     

Impacts of saline water irrigation and shrimp pond discharges on the surrounding waters of a coastal district in the Mekong delta of Vietnam

This study discusses impacts of saline water irrigation and shrimp pond discharges on the surrounding waters in the coastal Cai Nuoc district, Mekong delta of Vietnam where the landscape was re-shaped by shrimp aquaculture since 2000. Sampling took place at the end of the wet season of 2009 in the district (as aquaculture sites) and a nearby freshwater-dominated reference site. The aquaculture sites showed significantly higher salinities and organic loadings (biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand) but lower dissolved nutrients (NO₃–N, NO₂–N, and PO₄–P), total iron, and phytoplankton diversity compared to the reference site. Irrigation of saline waters has exacerbated salinization, leading to significant biological changes in the surrounding waters. Impacts of shrimp pond discharges on the surrounding waters were not very dramatic in terms of organic loadings and nutrients. The increase in organic loadings in the surrounding waters was mostly due to contribution from other pollution sources, such as domestic/industrial discharges and runoff. Enhanced salinization and changes in nutrients resulted in a decline in species richness and diversity, and a change in the evenness of the phytoplankton community. Besides, the composition of zooplankton and zoobenthos were also restructured. The mild impacts of shrimp pond discharges on the surrounding waters were primarily due to the limited inputs for shrimp aquaculture in this area.     

Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Soil salinity and sodicity are environmental problems in the shrimp farming areas of the Cai Nuoc district, Ca Mau province, Vietnam. In 2000, farmers in the district switched en masse from rice cropping to shrimp culture. Due to recent failure in shrimp farming, many farmers wish to revert to a rotational system with rice in the wet season and shrimps in the dry season. So far, all their attempts to grow rice have failed. To assess soil salinity and sodicity, 25 boreholes in shrimp ponds were analysed in four consecutive seasons from 2002 to 2004. The results showed that soil salinity was quite serious (mean EC_e 29.25 dS m⁻¹), particularly in the dry season (mean EC_e 33.44 dS m⁻¹). In the wet season, significant amounts of salts still remained in the soil (mean EC_e 24.65 dS m⁻¹) and the highest soil salinity levels were found near the sea. Soil sodicity is also a problem in the district (exchangeable sodium percentage range 9.63–72.07%). Sodicity is mainly a phenomenon of topsoils and of soils near the sea. Both soil salinity and sodicity are regulated by seasonal rainfall patterns. They could together result in disastrous soil degradation in the Cai Nuoc district.     

Paleozoic subduction of the southern Dunhuang Orogenic Belt,northwest China: metamorphism and geochronology of the Shuixiakou area

Amphibolites in the Shuixiakou area of the southern Dunhuang Orogenic Belt, southernmost Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), occur as lenses within hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss or pelitic schist, exhibiting block-in-matrix feature of tectonic mélange. Three generations of metamorphic mineral assemblages (M1, M2, and M3) have been recognized in the garnet-bearing amphibolite lenses. The metamorphic prograde assemblage (M1) is documented with inclusion trails (hornblende + plagioclase + quartz) within garnet porphyroblasts, and are estimated to be formed under 610–690 °C and 6.5–10.2 kbar. The metamorphic peak assemblage (M2) consists of garnet + hornblende + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz in the matrix and records metamorphic peak P-T conditions of 720–750 °C and 13.4–14.7 kbar. The retrograde assemblage (M3) is represented by the symplectic assemblage (hornblende + plagioclase + quartz ± biotite ± magnetite) rimming the garnet porphyroblast, formed in the decompression stage under P-T conditions of 630–730 °C and 3.8–7.2 kbar. The derived metamorphic P-T paths show similar tight clockwise loops including nearly isothermal decompression processes, typical of orogenic metamorphism. SIMS dating of metamorphic zircons from the amphibolites confirm that the high-pressure metamorphism (M2) occurred at ca. 438–398 Ma.