Overview and progress of Chinese geographical human settlement research

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following: (1) Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement. (2) No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical & economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China’s urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention: (1) Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents’ socio-economic attributes. (2) Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differentiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities. (3) Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns. (4) Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development. (5) Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.     

胶莱盆地早白垩世瓦屋夼组砂岩中碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素组成及其构造意义

本文报道了胶莱盆地莱阳群最底部瓦屋夼组长石石英砂岩中碎屑锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和原位Hf同位素分析结果,进而约束了瓦屋夼组砂岩的沉积时代和物源及其构造意义。碎屑锆石多数呈自形–半自形晶,发育岩浆生长环带,暗示它们为岩浆成因;少数晚三叠世锆石呈均匀无结构的阴极发光特点,缺乏岩浆环带,暗示它们为变质锆石。82个谐和年龄的峰值分别为129 Ma、158 Ma、224 Ma、253 Ma、461 Ma、724 Ma、1851 Ma和2456 Ma。上述定年结果结合原位Hf同位素分析表明:(1)瓦屋夼组的沉积时代为早白垩世(129~106 Ma);(2)1851 Ma、2456 Ma年龄的锆石主要来源于华北克拉通前寒武纪基底岩石;新元古代(729~721 Ma)岩浆锆石和晚三叠世(226~216 Ma)变质锆石来源于苏鲁造山带;晚古生代锆石记录了华北克拉通北缘同时代的岩浆事件;晚三叠世(231~223 Ma)岩浆锆石和158~129 Ma锆石则与胶北、胶东同时期的岩浆事件相对应;(3)胶莱盆地与合肥盆地具有不同的沉积时代和物源属性;(4)瓦屋夼组中苏鲁造山带物源的存在,暗示苏鲁高压–超高压变质岩石至少在早白垩世时期已经出露地表。     

桂东花岗岩类特征及其与金矿关系

桂东大瑶山金矿成矿区是广西主要金矿成矿区之一,龙水、桃花、古袍等金矿是其典型代表。本文着重对该区与金矿相关的花岗岩类特征研究,分析了花岗岩岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素特征,认为:该区不同类型花岗岩大多属于同熔型花岗岩系列,其中以中酸性的花岗闪长岩类岩体与金矿有成生联系。     

桂东金矿床的成因矿物学研究

桂东金矿产于寒武系水口群浅变质砂页岩内，石英和黄铁矿是各类金矿中主要的载金矿物。成因矿物学标型特征表明，矿床可分为变质热液、岩浆热液和复合迭加型，以后者为主。据硫、铅、氢、氧同位素组成特征，结合石英的含金性、晶胞参数和热发光性及黄铁矿微量元素等成因信息，论证了成矿物质来源、成矿流体性质与成矿的关系。金的富集是处于造山带构造环境，经历加里东运动及其以后构造—岩浆活动多次迭加的长期演化结果。据矿物的标型特征和控矿条件，认为各矿区深部、外围及该区东南部应作为今后进一步找矿的远景地区     

基于高光谱岩心扫描的蚀变矿物光谱特征分带及其在找矿勘查中的应用——以山东省郗山稀土矿为例

本文对郗山稀土矿进行实物地质资料数字化工作的基础上,重点对该矿钻孔岩心进行高光谱扫描,利用光谱诊断特征进行蚀变矿物识别,识别出热液蚀变矿物主要有蒙脱石、伊蒙混层、伊利石、高岭石、碳酸盐矿物、金云母、绿泥石、白云母、蛋白石、石膏等,其中与稀土矿化关系密切的主要为金云母、绿泥石,总结了蚀变分带特征,提取主要蚀变矿物的光谱特征参数,实现主要蚀变矿物在钻孔垂向上的半定量表达。对主要蚀变矿物各自特征峰位置进行特征峰位移统计,发现主要蚀变矿物各自特征峰位移明显区域与矿化(矿体)段(热液蚀变带区域)具有良好对应一致性。其中,Al-OH峰位,即2200nm特征峰位置(Pos2000),在2190～2220nm之间进行“漂移”,且普遍大于2205～2210nm部位能准确指示热液蚀变带区域,可用于指示成矿环境,确定找矿方向及预测找矿,是郗山矿区稀土矿体找矿的又一重要标志。     

基于优化合并的高分辨率遥感影像分割算法

高分辨率遥感影像的分割算法研究对遥感数据处理与应用具有重要意义。本文提出了一种优化合并的分割算法以提高运算效率,该算法包含局部最优合并和全局最优合并2个阶段。第1阶段采用凝聚层次聚类（Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering,HAC）方法实现局部最优合并,并对其合并规则进行了优化,使优化后的合并规则先注重光谱特征,再考虑待合并区域的几何特征。第2阶段采用区域邻接图（Region Adjacency Graph,RAG）方法实现全局最优合并,其合并规则主要考虑了区域的光谱和边界信息,减少了区域尺度对合并规则函数产生的负面影响,并且该阶段利用了红黑树来实现全局最优合并,以提高对RAG的搜索效率。最后,利用OrbView3高分辨率遥感影像开展了分割实验,结果表明本文算法可以得到令人满意的分割精度。本文的成果为遥感影像分割及其相关研究提供了新思路。     

空间直线的结构总体最小二乘拟合

提出结构总体最小二乘方法拟合空间直线,该方法能顾及三维坐标的误差,同时保证测量点到拟合直线的距离和最小。通过算例分析,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

线性回归模型的稳健总体最小二乘解算

针对线性回归中自变量和因变量可能含有粗差的情况,提出线性回归模型的稳健总体最小二乘法。将线性回归模型进行等价变换,视其总体最小二乘平差模型为非线性,根据选权迭代的思想推导线性回归模型的稳健总体最小二乘迭代算法。以模拟算例在自变量和因变量同时添加粗差的情况下进行10 000次试验,并从中选出一组数据进行具体分析,结果验证了本文算法的有效性和可行性。     

Wind-forced equatorial wave dynamics of the Pacific Ocean during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 El Niño events

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The equatorial wave dynamics of interannual sea level variations between 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 El Niño events are compared using the Laboratory of...     

城市化进程下北京平原渗流场与地面沉降发展演化模拟

北京地面沉降已有60多年的历史,其发生发展与半个多世纪城市的快速扩张密不可分.从整个北京平原地下水系统出发,梳理多年时间序列(1950-2015年)的城市发展规模、人口、水资源及开采动态等数据,结合遥感技术解译不同年代北京平原的不透水面变化,分析其对降雨入渗补给量的影响;构建整个北京平原含水层-弱透水层三维结构系统,借助PMWIN软件建立区域尺度的地下水流-地面沉降耦合模型,利用长期水位及沉降观测数据对模型进行识别验证;开展长时间序列的北京平原地下水水头场与地面沉降演化模拟,研究快速城市化进程下北京平原多层含水层系统渗流场演变与地面沉降响应特征.研究表明:长时间尺度区域地下水流场-地面沉降演化模拟基本再现了地面沉降形成和发展演化的过程;北京地下水开采历史与地面沉降发展历史具有一致性,而不同沉降区地面沉降发展受地下水开采和城市发展双重控制,是二者综合作用的结果.