Studies of crosslinked biopolymer structure for environmental tools in terms of the rate of weight swelling ratio, viscosity, and biodegradability: part A

The crosslinking reaction caused by blending different biopolymers and/or adding a crosslinking agent to biopolymers was studied. The rate of crosslinking reaction was estimated with weight swelling ratio (WSR), viscosity, and biodegradability. The crosslinked material from blending two biopolymers or mixing a crosslinking agent with a mixture of two biopolymers showed a polymeric volume change, a high microbial resistance even after 80 days, and a viscosity increased because of chemical functional groups to form extensive intra- and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). The organized IPN is a base block in building a three-dimensional (3-D) crosslinked biopolymer structure. This 3-D structure can be utilized in the environmental and geotechnical applications such as an environmental barrier or containment to encapsulate and treat hazardous materials against toxic flow in a subsurface engineering system.     

Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by ultrasound-assisted chemical process (UACP)

The dechlorination of aqueous polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using the ultrasound-assisted chemical process (UACP), which is a combination of ultrasonic irradiation and radical generations using di-tert-butyl peroxide as a radical initiator and ferrous ion as a catalyst at moderate temperature in alkaline 2-propanol, was demonstrated with a high reduction of PCBs. A commercial PCB-containing compound, Aroclor 1260, was also decomposed with the removal efficiency of 97 % achieved within 3 h of UACP. The gas chromatograph was used as a quantitative method to measure the decomposition rate of PCBs. The competitive elimination among the ortho (2-position), meta (3-position), and para (4-position) chlorine atoms of PCB was also identified.     

永久散射体干涉测量中最佳主图像选取

以系统热噪声、时空基线、季节性变化和多普勒质心频率作为影响因子,建立主图像选取函数,根据生成相干系数矩阵预测最佳主图像,并利用拉斯维加斯地区的数据实际处理结果对该方法的预测结果进行验证.结果表明该方法能够准确地预测PSInSAR数据处理中不相干图像个数以及图像之间的相干系数,为最佳主图像的选取提供可靠的参考依据.     

气象影视节目制作中设备的综合运用

文章通过一段气象节目制作的实例,浅析了气象影视节目制作中各种主要设备的综合使用及切换台和非线性编辑系统的主要工作原理.     

地测信息系统及其应用

介绍了一个专门为地测部门设计和开发的软件系统－－地质、测量信息系统（ＭＳＧＩＳ）的应用范围、主要功能,并以系统的具体操作为主线阐述了系统的用户界面、输入输出接口图形生成、地测图形的自动处理和３Ｄ地测模型。     

Comparison of Treatment Efficiency and Energy Consumption of Batch and Continuous Electrocoagulation in Urban Wastewater

In this study, domestic wastewater was used as the electrolyte. The work was carried out with an up-flow tubular reactor, made of stainless steel that was used as cathode, while the anode electrode material was aluminum and varying values of flow regime (25, 50, 75 and 100 mL/s for continuous system), initial pH value (5, 6, 7 and 7.8) and current intensity (10, 15 and 20 A) were applied. For domestic wastewater with natural pH, the effluent pH was >9 in the batch system, while in the continuous system the pH was 8–8.5. Likewise, while the effluent temperature was up to 60°C in the batch system, it was at most 35°C in the continuous system. However, the energy consumption values in the continuous system were considerably lower compared with the batch system. At a current intensity of 10 A, 80 kWh of energy per unit volume was consumed in the batch system, while it was 50 kWh for the continuous system. The present results show that the batch system can be used for small wastewater streams whereas the continuous system can be used for large wastewater streams for domestic wastewater treatment.     

Impact of coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes

During the Hydrological-Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel, which took place in Niger in the transitional period between the wet and dry seasons, two French aircraft probed the Sahelian boundary layer to measure sensible and latent heat fluxes. The measurements over the Niamey area often revealed organised structures of a few km scale that were associated with both thermals and dry intrusions. We study the impact of these coherent structures using a single day’s aircraft-measured fluxes and a numerical simulation of that day with a mesoscale model. The numerical simulation at high horizontal resolution (250 m) contains structures that evolve from streaks in the early morning to cells by noon. This simulation shows distribution, variance and skewness similar to the observations. In particular, the numerical simulation shows dry intrusions that can penetrate deeply into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and even reach the surface in some cases, which is in accordance with the observed highly negatively skewed water vapour fluctuations. Dry intrusions and thermals organised at a few km scale give skewed flux statistics and can introduce large errors in measured fluxes. We use the numerical simulation to: (i) evaluate the contribution of the organised structures to the total flux, and (ii) estimate the impact of the organised structures on the systematic and random errors resulting from the 1D sampling of the aircraft as opposed to the 2D numerical simulation estimate. We find a significant contribution by the organised structures to the total resolved fluxes. When rolls occur, and for a leg length of about 30 times the ABL depth, the 1D sampled flux is shown to be sometimes 20% lower than the corresponding 2D flux when the 1D sampling direction is the same as the main axis of the rolls, whereas the systematic error is much lower when the direction of the leg is transverse to the rolls. In the case of cells, an underestimate of around 10% can still be observed with the 1D approach independent of direction, due to poor sampling of the energy-containing scales.     

苏尼特右旗1976—2006年沙尘天气的观测分析

基于苏尼特右旗1976—2006年的沙尘天气观测资料,对苏尼特右旗沙尘天气的年际变化、月际变化等进行了分析,结果表明,1976—2006年苏尼特右旗沙尘天气呈波动性减少趋势,月平均沙尘天气日数的波动性,与月平均最大风速和月平均大风日数成正相关。扬沙天气出现日数最多,沙尘暴天气次之,浮尘天气出现日数最少。造成沙尘天气除本地沙尘源外,上游沙尘的输送也是产生沙尘天气的重要原因。影响苏尼特右旗沙尘天气的主要天气形势为冷锋和蒙古气旋。     

珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组陆架边缘三角洲沉积体系演化

珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组发育陆架边缘三角洲,其不仅是深水区勘探重要的油气储层类型,也是沉积地质学和石油地质学研究的热点。根据高精度三维地震资料,应用三级层序格架内等时地层切片技术,对珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组陆架边缘三角洲的沉积结构和平面演化开展了详细研究。研究表明,区内存在北部和西北部两个物源方向的陆架边缘三角洲物源供给体系,进而形成连续4期三角洲前积复合体,各期次通过解剖三角洲前积结构和叠置样式可细分为2~5套三角洲前积体,地震上表现为切线斜交型和S型反射结构。不同物源供给体系下的三角洲进积和加积速率差异明显,根据陆架边缘三角洲的演化阶段可划分为初始形成期、发展期和稳定期三个阶段。初始形成期为珠海组四段中晚期,三角洲垂向上均表现为进积,平面上北部物源供给的陆架边缘三角洲形成面积小,西北部物源供给的三角洲面积相对大;发展期为珠海组三段,三角洲垂向上进积和加积均存在,陆架边缘三角洲沉积厚度达到最大,平面上北部物源供给的陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇体系发育一定规模,西北部物源供给的陆架三角洲前缘发育陆架条带砂脊;稳定期为珠海组二段和一段,三角洲垂向结构表现为先进积后加积,三角洲前缘规模变大,陆坡水道和深水扇最为发育。珠海组时期陆架边缘三角洲形成演化受双物源差异供给、相对海平面的先升后降和构造活动的相对稳定共同控制。北部物源供给的珠海组陆架边缘三角洲—深水陆坡沉积体系可作为区内最有利的油气勘探目标。