Seismic microzonation for Penang using geospatial contour mapping

Shear wave velocity (V _s) and the fundamental site period of the subsurface condition are the primary parameters that affect seismic soil amplification in particular sites. Within the topmost layer of the soil, which measures 30 m, the average shear wave velocity V _s30 is commonly used to build codes for site classification for the design of earthquake-resistant structures and to conduct microzonation studies. In this study, the development of a microzonation map for V _s30 distribution, National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program V _s30 site classification, and a fundamental site period for Penang are presented. The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) test was conducted for more than 50 sites with available borehole data to develop the microzonation maps. The ten selected V _s profiles measured by MASW show a good correlation with the data obtained using empirical correlations in a previous study. The highest V _s values were identified at the northeastern and southeastern parts of Penang Island, corresponding to the shallow bedrock and the outcrop zone. Conversely, the lowest V _s values were found in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the Penang mainland owing to the thick layer of soft clay and silt deposits. The site period map shows the variation in site periods, with the highest value of 1.03 s at the western part of the Penang mainland and the lowest value of 0.02 s at the eastern part of the Penang Island. The microzonation maps developed in this study are vital to studies on seismic hazard and earthquake mitigation programs in Malaysia.     

Toxicity assessments of nanoscale zerovalent iron and its oxidation products in medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish

Iron-based nanotechnologies are increasingly used for environmental remediation; however, toxicologic impacts of iron nanoparticles on the aquatic ecosystem remain poorly understood. We treated larvae of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) with thoroughly characterized solutions containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-stabilized nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), aged nanoscale iron oxides (nFe-oxides) or ferrous ion (Fe[II]) for 12-14 days' aqueous exposure to assess the causal toxic effect(s) of iron NPs on the fish. With the CMC-nZVI solution, the dissolved oxygen level decreased, and a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was generated as Fe(II) oxidized to ferric ion (Fe[III]); with the other two iron solutions, these parameters did not significantly change. CMC-nZVI and Fe(II) solutions caused acute lethally and sublethally toxic effects in medaka larvae, with nFe-oxide-containing solutions causing the least toxic effects. We discuss modes of toxic action of iron NPs and chronic toxic effects in terms of hypoxia, Fe(II) toxicity and ROS-mediated oxidative damage.     

大地电磁全信息资料三维共轭梯度反演研究(英文)

在对张量阻抗数据、倾子数据和共轭梯度算法深入分析的基础上,我们实现了大地电磁全信息资料三维共轭梯度反演算法。基于全信息资料的三维共轭梯度反演研究,探讨了同时利用五个电磁场分量整理得到的大地电磁资料进行三维反演定量解释的方法以及全信息数据在三维反演中的作用。理论模型合成数据的反演结果表明,在三维反演中使用张量阻抗和倾子数据结合的全信息数据的反演结果优于只使用张量阻抗数据(或只使用倾子数据)的反演结果,提高了反演结果的分辨率和可信度。合成数据的反演算例也验证了所实现的大地电磁全信息资料三维共轭梯度反演算法的正确性和稳定性。     

藤田公式改进及其在台风预报中的应用

在考虑环境气压的影响下,引进环境半径参量对藤田公式改进并将其应用到9711号台风研究预报中.结果表明:①改进的藤田公式能够基本解决藤田公式计算的外围气压和气压梯度偏小这一问题,合理地给出整个台风域内气压和气压梯度力的分布.②改进的藤田公式由于引入了环境半径的影响,使得计算的风向内偏角减小而风速增大;特别是它能使台风外围...     

高空业务新规范和新质量考核办法意义的延伸

通过新、旧规范和质量考核办法的比较,发现新规范和新质量考核办法的变更重点．联系高空业务现状．通过分析,探讨其意义的延伸。     

Geochemistry and origin of rare earth elements (REEs) in the Shengli River oil shale, northern Tibet, China

The Shengli River-Changshe Mountain oil shale zone, located in the North Qiangtang depression, northern Tibet plateau, represents a potentially large marine oil shale resource in China. Twenty-eight samples including oil shale, micritic limestone and marl were collected from the Shengli River area to determine the contents and distribution patterns of rare earth elements (REEs) in marine oil shale. Oil shale samples from the Shengli River area have high ash yield (61.86–67.48%) and TOC content (8.02–13.67%) with low total sulfur (S_t,d) content (0.76–1.39%) and intermediate shale oil content (3.60–16.30%). The total rare earth element (ΣREE) content in oil shale samples is notably depleted (46.79–67.90 μg/g), approximately one third of the mean value of the North American Shale Composite (NASC), and lower than that of world-wide black shales and Chinese coals, but higher than that of world-wide coals and micritic limestone samples (29.21 μg/g) from the Shengli River area. The oil shale samples from the Shengli River area exhibit shale-like Chondrite or NASC-normalized REE patterns similar to those of micritic limestone and marl samples from this area, indicating that REEs of these different lithological samples may have been derived from a similar terrigenous source.REE contents of oil shale samples are highly positive correlated with ash yield and show a positive correlation with Fe and a weakly positive correlation with organic sulfur, and the vertical variations of REEs mainly follow those of Si, Al, K and Ti. All these facts indicate that the REE contents in oil shale seams are mainly controlled by clay minerals and, to a lesser extent, by pyrite, as well as partly associated with oil shale organic constituents. Rare earth elements in the Shengli River oil shale have originated from two sources: a felsic volcanic rock source and a clastic or/and limestone source.     

Fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of gypsum hydration water and assessment of its geochemical indications

Fundamental knowledge of the isotopic fractionation between the hydration water and the mother solution and whether the primary information recorded in hydration water can be preserved or not in deposits or mines have long been unclear. In order to calculate the accurate hydrogen and oxygen isotopic fractionation factors between gypsum hydration water and its mother solution with new methods, to understand the mechanism of fractionation and synthetically assess the record-keeping abilities of the isotopic composition of hydration water during the process of diagenesis after deposition, experiments on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of gypsum hydration water and its mother solution at different isothermal temperatures from 5 to 50°C were systematically conducted. In addition, samples from two typical gypsum deposits formed in different environmental conditions were also determined. Results show that during gypsum crystallisation, both hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show significant fractionation between the hydration water and the mother solution. The calculated hydrogen isotopic fractionation factors are <1, while the oxygen isotopic fractionation factors are >1 at temperatures from 5 to 50°C. The fractionation factors show no functional relationships with temperature. Isotopic compositions of gypsum hydration water in arid lake sediments can be used to trace the source of water and primary deposit environmental information. However, the isotopic composition of the gypsum hydration water can easily be altered by dissolution and secondary precipitation of gypsum during later diagenesis, particularly in areas with humid climate and abundant groundwater. A very careful assessment on record-keeping abilities of the primary isotopic composition of hydration water in gypsum during later diagenesis must be considered before application.     

风暴潮灾害风险评估研究综述

我国是受风暴潮影响最严重的少数国家之一,风暴潮灾害致灾机理的研究在过去几十年取得了极大的进展,而风暴潮脆弱性评估和综合风险评估还不能满足风暴潮灾害风险管理的需求.系统总结了风暴潮危险性、脆弱性、综合风险评估及其应用的研究进展,重点分析了典型重现期风暴潮估计、可能最大风暴潮计算、风暴潮物理脆弱性和社会脆弱性评估以及风暴潮风险评估及其应用的研究进展及不足,并对我国风暴潮风险评估急需解决的问题以及未来的研究重点进行了展望,指出了风暴潮灾害风险评估的模型化、系统化、定量化是未来风暴潮风险评估研究的发展趋势,风暴潮灾害的未来风险评估还需考虑全球气候变化以及海平面上升等因素的影响,而风暴潮灾害承灾体脆弱性的定量评价是风暴潮综合风险评估的重点和难点.     

南极威德尔海西北区域的冰-气拖曳系数和脊帆形拖曳力分析

基于机载激光高度计测得的南极威德尔海西北区域冬季海冰表面起伏数据,结合脊帆形态参数和空间分布对中性条件(大气层处于中性平衡态)下对应10m高度处风速的冰-气拖曳系数Cdn(10)和脊帆形拖曳力Fd的参数化方案进行了改进,并探讨了冰-气拖曳系数Cdn(10)和脊帆形拖曳力对总拖曳力的贡献随脊帆强度(脊帆高度与间距的比值,其中脊帆高度是指脊帆顶点到平整冰面的垂直距离,脊帆间距是指相邻两个脊帆顶点之间的距离)和冰面粗糙长度的变化情况。结果表明,冰-气拖曳系数Cdn(10)随脊帆强度增大呈递增趋势,对较小的脊帆强度,Cdn(10)随粗糙长度的增大而增大,但脊帆强度较大时,Cdn(10)随粗糙长度减小而增大,即存在某一脊帆强度阈值,使Cdn(10)在该阈值两侧随粗糙长度的变化趋势相反;脊帆形拖曳力对总拖曳力的贡献随脊帆强度减小而减小,随着粗糙长度增大而减小。通过分析发现,造成以上不同变化趋势的主要原因是:随着脊帆强度的增大,摩拖曳力在总拖曳力中的优势地位逐渐由形拖曳力代替。     

我国低硒带典型景观植物硒的研究

本研究在我国低硒带的东北端和西南端分别选取了针阔叶混交林景观和云南松林景观,并且在低硒带内的克山病和大骨节病非病区与东南非病带选取了落叶阔叶林景观和马尾松林景观为对照景观,系统地采集了上述各不同景观的主要植物和土壤,对硒进行了分析。结果发现,在我国低硒带的东北瑞和西南瑞景观的主要植物含硒量显著地低于对照景观,同时景观内土壤硒也明显地低于划分我国低硒生态景观的阈值,从天然植物的角度进一步对我国低硒带客观存在这一科学论断进行了补充。