水--煤层气两相流体在煤层中的渗流规律

采用煤体承受有效应力、水-气混合流动及固一流相互作用的基本原理，建立了煤层气开采过程中水-煤层气两相流渗的基本方程，通过自行设计的实验装置，测定了煤层中水-煤层气共同流动时的两相流体的流量，渗透率及随水的饱和度变化关系，并据此模拟出了反映水-煤层气渗透基本规律，从而为煤层气开采提供了理论基础。     

气象因子对半冬性小麦灌浆速度的影响效应研究

选用黄淮海冬麦区4个半冬性小麦品种郯麦98、山农18、徐麦33、皖麦52为试验材料,通过分期播种试验,利用方差分析、相关分析、逐步回归和通径分析等方法,分析半冬性小麦籽粒灌浆速度变化趋势和气象因子对灌浆速度的影响。结果表明,正常播期冬小麦灌浆速度波动性最小、千粒重最大,迟播10 d冬小麦灌浆速度波动性最大、千粒重最小;华北区品种郯麦98灌浆速度表现最稳定、千粒重最高,而黄淮区品种皖麦52灌浆速度最大;半冬性小麦灌浆持续期为35～39 d;南北气候差异是影响各品种冬小麦灌浆速度不同的原因之一。半冬性小麦各播期灌浆速度的变化趋势一致,灌浆速度变化与相关显著气象因子的变化规律相符合;灌浆速度峰值期一般出现在开花后15～25 d,迟播冬小麦最大灌浆速度出现时间较对照处理提前,不利于提高粒重;气温条件对冬小麦灌浆速度影响显著,其中最高气温要素是影响不同播期品种灌浆速度的共有关键因子。通径分析表明,最高气温对灌浆速度的作用由自身的直接效应决定,而日照时数与最低气温对灌浆速度的作用与间接效应一致;最高气温平均值对灌浆速度的影响最重要,日照时数和最低气温平均值对灌浆速度的影响较弱;最高和最低气温平均值、日照时数均为灌浆速度的限制因子,其中最高气温平均值对灌浆速度变化的决策作用最大。     

Relative contributions of boundary-layer meteorological factors to the explosive growth of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> during the red-alert heavy pollution episodes in Beijing in December 2016

Based on observations of urban mass concentration of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5), ground meteorological data, vertical measurements of winds, temperature, and relative humidity (RH), and ECMWF reanalysis data, the major changes in the vertical structures of meteorological factors in the boundary layer (BL) during the heavy aerosol pollution episodes (HPEs) that occurred in winter 2016 in the urban Beijing area were analyzed. The HPEs are divided into two stages: the transport of pollutants under prevailing southerly winds, known as the transport stage (TS), and the PM_2.5 explosive growth and pollution accumulation period characterized by a temperature inversion with low winds and high RH in the lower BL, known as the cumulative stage (CS). During the TS, a surface high lies south of Beijing, and pollutants are transported northwards. During the CS, a stable BL forms and is characterized by weak winds, temperature inversion, and moisture accumulation. Stable atmospheric stratification featured with light/calm winds and accumulated moisture (RH > 80%) below 250 m at the beginning of the CS is closely associated with the inversion, which is strengthened by the considerable decrease in near-surface air temperature due to the interaction between aerosols and radiation after the aerosol pollution occurs. A significant increase in the PLAM (Parameter Linking Aerosol Pollution and Meteorological Elements) index is found, which is linearly related to PM mass change. During the first 10 h of the CS, the more stable BL contributes approximately 84% of the explosive growth of PM_2.5 mass. Additional accumulated near-surface moisture caused by the ground temperature decrease, weak turbulent diffusion, low BL height, and inhibited vertical mixing of water vapor is conducive to the secondary aerosol formation through chemical reactions, including liquid phase and heterogeneous reactions, which further increases the PM_2.5 concentration levels. The contribution of these reaction mechanisms to the explosive growth of PM_2.5 mass during the early CS and subsequent pollution accumulation requires further investigation.     

伶仃洋N,P静态环境容量的研究

本文利用陆地卫星影象具有水陆边界清晰和多时相等优点,计算出伶仃洋枯、平、丰水期的水容量。结合实地采样分析,推算出伶仃洋从上界各口门排入的N,P输送量,和从伶仃洋输出南海的N,P通量;估算出伶仃洋的N,P静态容量,为伶仃洋水环境的治理和资源开发利用的环境保护规划提供了科学依据。     

The free vibration analysis of submerged cantilever plates

Based on empirical added mass formulation, this work presents a simple procedure to determine the vibration frequencies and mode shapes of submerged cantilever plates. Once the added mass formulation is derived, the procedure can be used to analyze free vibration response easily. An analytical and numerical study is also performed for the vibrations of cantilever plates in air and in water, with these results compared with experimental and numerical data from pertinent literature. Besides, the frequency parameters of the submerged plate for various aspect ratios and thickness ratios are given in design data sheet form and are appropriate for engineering design applications.     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的节理岩体能量参数估算

岩体变形和破坏可以看作能量耗散和释放的过程.由于节理岩体结构复杂且难以开展室内试验,因此无法通过试验直接求取其能量学参数.基于Hoek-Brown准则和岩石能量理论,提出了节理岩体在临界状态能量学参数的估算方法.针对含贯通节理(或层面)岩体,通过修正岩块单轴抗压强度以体现贯通节理的方向效应.采用PFC3D分别模拟小尺寸岩样(Φ50mm×100mm)和大尺寸岩体(Φ2m×2m)的三轴压缩试验,通过岩石三轴试验结果拟合岩石数值模拟的细观参数并应用于节理岩体的模拟.根据节理岩体模拟得到应力应变曲线和能量流,验证了Hoek-Brown准则对节理岩体能量参数估算的合理性.     

Use of stable water isotopes to assess sources and influences of slope groundwater on slope failure

This study employs stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes as natural tracers to assess the headwater of a landslide next to a drainage divide and the importance of the slope's headwater in the study area. The study is undertaken near Wu‐She Township in the mountains of central Taiwan. Because a reservoir is located on the other side of the divide, this study evaluates the relationship between the reservoir water and headwater of the landslide as well. Over a 1‐year period, water samples from September 2008 to September 2009, including local precipitation (LP), Wu‐She Reservoir's water (WSRW), slope groundwater (SGW), upper‐reach stream water (USTW), and down‐reach stream water (DSTW), were analysed for deuterium (δD) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) stable isotopes. Results indicate that WSRW is the predominant component in SGW: approximately 70% of SGW originates from WSRW and 30% from LP based on a two end‐member mass‐balance mixing model for δ¹⁸O. The similar two end‐member mixing model is also employed to assess the contributions of USTW and SGW to DSTW. Model results indicate that SGW is the major source of DSTW with a contribution of about 67%. Accordingly, about 47% of DSTW sources from the WSRW. In short, owing to reservoir leakage, WSRW contributes the greater part of both SGW and DSTW. Plentiful WSRW in SGW threatens the stability of the slope in the divide area. To avoid subsequent continuous slope failure, necessary mitigation steps are required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

机场主导能见度仪器自动观测方法研究

主导能见度是航空活动能否正常进行的重要标准之一。伴随我国通用机场建设,主导能见度的自动观测具有重要的实际意义。本文使用中值法、图形比例法和均值法3种方法,利用机场现有多套能见度传感器进行主导能见度自动观测,并使用3种方法研究分析了天津、大连、海拉尔、成都和重庆5个机场2014年12月10日起连续100天的07:00和19:00 2个时间点的多能见度传感器测量值。结果表明:相比于中值法和图形比例法,均值法具有更小的观测偏差;观测原理和方法、能见度传感器数量、地区气候差异和观测位置差异是影响主导能见度自动观测数据质量的主要影响因素。     

SSZ-1型双管双簧海底振动取心钻具

针对海底振动取样的一些特殊情况,介绍了自行研制的适用于海底振动取样的SSZ－1型双管双簧取心钻具，分析了其结构原理及对海底取的适应性。