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491.
G.S. Orton L.N. Fletcher P.W. Chodas P.A. Yanamandra-Fisher B.M. Fisher S. Perez-Hoyos H.B. Hammel A.P. Ingersoll F. Marchis W. Golisch A.A. Simon-Miller T.W. Momary N. Reshetnikov G. Villar M.H. Wong 《Icarus》2011,211(1):587-602
Near-infrared and mid-infrared observations of the site of the 2009 July 19 impact of an unknown object with Jupiter were obtained within days of the event. The observations were used to assess the properties of a particulate debris field, elevated temperatures, and the extent of ammonia gas redistributed from the troposphere into Jupiter’s stratosphere. The impact strongly influenced the atmosphere in a central region, as well as having weaker effects in a separate field to its west, similar to the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) impact sites in 1994. Temperatures were elevated by as much as 6 K at pressures of about 50-70 mbar in Jupiter’s lower stratosphere near the center of the impact site, but no changes above the noise level (1 K) were observed in the upper stratosphere at atmospheric pressures less than ∼1 mbar. The impact transported at least ∼2 × 1015 g of gas from the troposphere to the stratosphere, an amount less than derived for the SL9 C fragment impact. From thermal heating and mass-transport considerations, the diameter of the impactor was roughly in the range of 200-500 m, assuming a mean density of 2.5 g/cm3. Models with temperature perturbations and ammonia redistribution alone are unable to fit the observed thermal emission; non-gray emission from particulate emission is needed. Mid-infrared spectroscopy of material delivered by the impacting body implies that, in addition to a silicate component, it contains a strong signature that is consistent with silica, distinguishing it from SL9, which contained no evidence for silica. Because no comet has a significant abundance of silica, this result is more consistent with a “rocky” or “asteroidal” origin for the impactor than an “icy” or “cometary” one. This is surprising because the only objects generally considered likely to collide with Jupiter and its satellites are Jupiter-Family Comets, whose populations appear to be orders of magnitude larger than the Jupiter-encountering asteroids. Nonetheless, our conclusion that there is good evidence for at least a major asteroidal component of the impactor composition is also consistent both with constraints on the geometry of the impactor and with results of contemporaneous Hubble Space Telescope observations. If the impact was not simply a statistical fluke, then our conclusion that the impactor contained more rocky material than was the case for the desiccated Comet SL9 implies a larger population of Jupiter-crossing asteroidal bodies than previously estimated, an asteroidal component within the Jupiter-Family Comet population, or compositional differentiation within these bodies. 相似文献
492.
The issue of water shortage and related eco-environmental degradation in North China is one of the major emerging problems
in China. Precipitation is the most key factor for water resources. Based on the historical flood/dryness grade dataset during
the period of 1470–2000 obtained from 25 gauging stations in North China, the multi-scale variability and trends are analyzed
by means of power spectral and continuous wavelet transform. It is found that the precipitation is characterized by obvious
seasonal changes, quasi biennial oscillations, inter-annual 4–7 year component and inter-decadal 19-year periodicity. The
MK test results showe that step changes occurred around 1914 and 1964 in the annual precipitation. As for the historical flood/dryness
grade time series, it is characterized by 4∼5 year ENSO mode inter-annual oscillation, quasi-10 year inter-decadal variability,
quasi-24 year component and 50–80 year centurial periodicity. However, the scales of these variations have decreased significantly
since the 1970s. The trend for precipitation change in North China has been negative for last 30 years. Further research shows
that North China will continue to become dryer until 2015 and may change to a wetter regime after 2020. These findings should
be helpful for future decision-making to ensure sustainable water resource management in North China. 相似文献
493.
A.K. Burnham J.E. Clarkson M.F. Singleton C.M. Wong R.W. Crawford 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(7):1243-1251
Isoprenoid and other carbon skeletons that are formed in living organisms and preserved essentially intact in ancient sediments are often called biological markers. The purpose of this paper is to develop improved methods of using isoprenoid hydrocarbons to relate petroleum or shale oil to its source rock. It is demonstrated that most, but not all, of the isoprenoid hydrocarbon structures are chemically bonded in kerogen (or to minerals) in Green River oil shale. The rate constant for thermally producing isoprenoid, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons is substantially greater than for the bulk of shale oil. This may be related to the substantial quantity of CO2 which is evolved coincident with the isoprenoid hydrocarbons but prior to substantial oil evolution. Although formation of isoprenoid alkenes is enhanced by rapid heating and high pyrolysis temperatures, the ratio of isoprenoid alkenes plus alkanes to normal alkenes plus alkanes is independent of heating rate. High-temperature laboratory pyrolysis experiments can thus be used to predict the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in low temperature processes such as in situ shale oil production and perhaps petroleum formation. Finally, we demonstrate that significant variation in biological marker ratios occurs as a function of stratigraphy in the Green River formation. This information, combined with methods for measuring process yield from oil composition, enables one to relate time-dependent processing conditions to the corresponding time-dependent oil yield in a vertical modified-in situ retort even if there is a substantial and previously undetermined delay in drainage of shale oil from the retort. 相似文献
494.
摘 要 从显微煤岩学角度探讨了贵州六盘水地区晚二叠世龙潭煤系煤的生烃状况。研究表
明树皮体和基质镜质体是研究区煤岩显微组成中主要的两种富氢组分“富镜质体 较富树
皮体” 是主采煤层典型的煤岩组合特征在成烃演化过程中富氢镜质体和树皮体对生烃作
出了主要贡献。渗出沥青体充填于镜质体微裂隙或细小孔洞以及丝质体胞腔中。这些微裂隙
和胞腔对煤成油的保存、富集和运移起到关键作用。显微组分间的这种配置关系为煤成油藏
的形成提供了非常有利的条件。六盘水地区具有形成煤成油藏的母质条件同时在煤层中具
有较好的保存富集以及运移条件如果存在有利的地质背景与之相配合研究区煤成油藏的
勘探开发工作将具有十分乐观的前景。 相似文献