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611.
Prosper Andrianjakavah Stefano Salvi Didier Béziat Damien Guillaume Michel Rakotondrazafy Bernard Moine 《Mineralium Deposita》2007,42(4):385-398
The Maevatanana deposits consist of gold-bearing quartz–sulphide veins crosscutting banded iron formation (BIF) within a metamorphosed
2.5 Ga greenstone belt. The host rocks are dominated by a sequence of migmatites, gneisses, amphibolites, magnetite-rich quartzites
and soapstones, intruded by large granitoid batholiths (e.g. the 0.8 Ga Beanana granodiorite). In the mineralised rocks, pyrite
is the dominant sulphide, in addition to accessory chalcopyrite and galena. Outside the immediate ore zone, the BIF is dominated
by quartz + magnetite ± hematite, accompanied by cummingtonite, albite and biotite. Gold occurs as globular grains (usually
<500 μm) within quartz crystals close to the sulphides and as invisible inclusions within pyrite and chalcopyrite (up to 2,500 ppm
Au content). Fluid inclusion textural and microthermometric studies indicate heterogeneous trapping of a low-salinity (∼3.6 wt.%
eq. NaCl) aqueous fluid coexisting with a carbonic fluid. Evidence for fluid-phase immiscibility during ore formation includes
variable L/V ratios in the inclusions and the fact that inclusions containing different phase proportions occur in the same
area, growth zone, or plane. Laser Raman spectroscopy confirms that the vapour phase in these inclusions is dominated by CO2 but shows that it may contain small amounts of CH4 (<1 mol%), H2S (<0.05 mol%) and traces of N2. Fluid inclusion trapping conditions ranged from 220 to 380°C and averaged 250°C. Pressure was on the order of 1–2 kbar.
The abundant CO2 and low salinity of the inclusions suggest a metamorphic origin for the fluid. Likewise, the presence of H2S in the fluid and pyritisation of the wall-rock indicate that gold was likely transported by sulphide complexing. Fluid immiscibility
was probably triggered by the pressure released by fracturing of the quartzites during fault movements due to competence differences
with the softer greenstones. Fracturing greatly enhanced fluid circulation through the BIF, allowing reaction of the sulphide-bearing
fluids with the iron oxides. This caused pyrite deposition and concomitant Au precipitation, enhanced by fluid phase separation
as H2S partitioned preferentially into the carbonic phase. 相似文献
612.
Records of Earth's primitive crust are scarce. Eoarchean (older than 3.6 Ga) banded mafic to felsic gneisses have been discovered in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil, pushing back by over 100 million years the oldest gneisses known to date in South America (3.5 Ga). Zircon U‐Pb data yield rock ages from 3,598 to 3,642 Ma with a few ca. 3.65–3.69 Ga grains suggesting even older rocks in the area. Zircon grains show significantly negative to nearly chondritic initial εHf values and two‐stage model ages from 3.82 to 4.33 Ga, which may indicate the existence of a recycled Hadean to early Eoarchean crust in the region. The felsic gneisses are chemically similar to the low‐pressure Tonalite‐Trondhjemite‐Granodiorite association whereas the mafic gneisses have geochemical signatures that resemble within‐plate basaltic andesite to andesite of Iceland (icelandites). The results are relevant to constrain the composition of Earth's first continental crust. 相似文献
613.
Pasquale Crea Concetta De Stefano Frank J. Millero Silvio Sammartano Virender K. Sharma 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(3):447-466
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG), which has four carboxylic and two amino groups, interacts with metal ions and may affect the
bioavailability and geochemistry of metals in natural waters. In the present paper, six stepwise protonation constants
K\textHi K^{\text{H}}_{i} for GSSG were measured as a function of salinity, S = 5–35‰ at t = 25°C (and in NaCl/MgCl2 mixtures at different ionic strengths), in order to provide thermodynamic data for their acid base properties, which are
useful for studying the interaction with metals in these media. The protonation enthalpies (ΔH
i
/kJ mol−1) were also determined at t = 25°C. The results were interpreted using the SIT model and Pitzer equations. The seawater model with the interaction parameters
accounts for the differences between the values in NaCl and seawater. The results suggest that it is important to consider
all of the ionic interactions in natural waters in examining the proton dissociation of GSSG. 相似文献
614.
The onset of the Messinian salinity crisis in the deep Eastern Mediterranean basin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Vinicio Manzi Rocco Gennari Stefano Lugli Davide Persico Matteo Reghizzi Marco Roveri B. Charlotte Schreiber Ran Calvo Ittai Gavrieli Zohar Gvirtzman 《地学学报》2018,30(3):189-198
Astronomical tuning of the Messinian pre‐salt succession in the Levant Basin allows for the first time the reconstruction of a detailed chronology of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) events in deep setting and their correlation with marginal records that supports the CIESM ( 2008 ) 3‐stage model. Our main conclusions are (1) MSC events were synchronous across marginal and deep basins, (2) MSC onset in deep basins occurred at 5.97 Ma, (3) only foraminifera‐barren, evaporite‐free shales accumulated in deep settings between 5.97 and 5.60 Ma, (4) deep evaporites (anhydrite and halite) deposition started later, at 5.60 Ma and (5) new and published 87Sr/86Sr data indicate that during all stages, evaporites precipitated from the same water body in all the Mediterranean sub‐basins. The wide synchrony of events and 87Sr/86Sr homogeneity implies inter‐sub‐basin connection during the whole MSC and is not compatible with large sea‐level fall and desiccation of the Mediterranean. 相似文献
615.
Lucia Luzi Sara Lovati Ezio D’Alema Simone Marzorati Domenico Di Giacomo Salomon Hailemikael Ettore Cardarelli Michele Cercato Gerarda Di Filippo Giuliano Milana Giuseppe Di Giulio Mario Rainone Patrizio Torrese Patrizio Signanini Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza Stefano Rivellino Antonella Gorini 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(5):1189-1207
Geological, geophysical and geotechnical investigations, for the characterization of the strong-motion recording sites managed by the Italian Civil Protection, have been carried out in the framework of the project “Italian strong-motion database in the period 1972–2004”. The project aimed at creating an updated database of strong-motion data acquired in Italy by different institutions in the time span 1972–2004, and at improving the quality of disseminated data. This article illustrates the state of the recording site characterization before the beginning of the project, explains the criteria adopted to select the sites where geophysical/geotechnical investigation have been performed and describes the results of the promoted field surveys. 相似文献
616.
Research studies on the damped cable system (DCS) for seismic protection of frame structures are presented in this paper and the accompanying one. This technology includes prestressed steel cables linked to pressurized fluid viscous spring‐dampers fixed to the foundation at their lower ends, and to the top floor, or one of the upper floors, at their upper ends. The cables have sliding contacts with the floor slabs, to which they are joined by steel deviators. The general characteristics of the system, as well as of the constituting spring‐dampers and cables, are initially discussed. The results of a laboratory testing campaign developed on a DCS prototype are examined, and transferred into the formulation of the finite element model of the system, conceived to be easily generated by commercial structural analysis programs. A second dynamic experimental investigation follows, concerning a pilot installation of the system on a full‐scale mock‐up building. The benefits of the protective technology are evaluated in terms of maximum displacements and accelerations, as well as of equivalent viscous damping coefficient and MDOF transmissibility ratio. Further sections of the study, including a preliminary sizing criterion of DCS, additional numerical enquiries aimed at optimizing its geometrical layout, and the application to a real case study building, are offered in the companion paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
617.
Wavelet‐based regularization of the extracted topographic index from high‐resolution topography for hydro‐geomorphic applications 下载免费PDF全文
High‐resolution topography, e.g. 1‐m digital elevation model (DEM) from light detection and ranging (LiDAR), offers opportunity for accurate identification of topographic features of relevance for hydrologic and geomorphologic modelling. Yet, the computation of some derived topographic properties, such as the topographic index (TI), is characterized by daunting challenges that hamper the full exploration of topography‐based models. Particular problems, for example, arise when a distributed (or semi‐distributed) rainfall–runoff model is applied to high‐resolution DEMs. Indeed, the characteristic dependency between landscape resolution and the computed TI distribution results in the formation of un‐physical, unconnected saturated zones, which in turn cause unrealistic representations of rainfall–runoff dynamics. In this study, we present a methodology based on a multi‐resolution wavelet transformation that, by means of a soft‐thresholding scheme on the wavelet coefficients, filters the noise of high‐resolution topography to construct regularized sets of locally smoother topography on which the TI is computed. While the methodology needs a somewhat arbitrary definition of the wavelet coefficients threshold, our study shows that when the information content (entropy) of the TI distribution is used as a filtering efficiency metric, a critical threshold automatically emerges in the landscape reconstruction. The methodology is demonstrated using 1‐m LiDAR data for the Elder Creek River basin in California. While the proposed case study uses a TOPMODEL approach, the methodology can be extended to different topography‐based models and is not limited to hydrological applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
618.
Costanza Di Stefano Alessio Nicosia Vincenzo Palmeri Vincenzo Pampalone Vito Ferro 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14296
Recent research recognized that the slope of 18% can be used to distinguish between the ‘gentle slope’ case and that of ‘steep slope’ for the detected differences in hydraulic variables (flow depth, velocity, Reynolds number, Froude number) and those representatives of sediment transport (flow transport capacity, actual sediment load). In this paper, using previous measurements carried out in mobile bed rills and flume experiments characterized by steep slopes (i.e., slope greater than or equal to 18%), a theoretical rill flow resistance equation to estimate the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is tested. The main aim is to deduce a relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the channel slope, the Reynolds number, the Froude number and the textural classes using a data base characterized by a wide range of hydraulic conditions, plot or flume slope (18%–84%) and textural classes (clay ranging from 3% to 71%). The obtained relationship is also tested using 47 experimental runs carried out in the present investigation with mobile bed rills incised in a 18%—sloping plot with a clay loam soil and literature data. The analysis demonstrated that: (1) the soil texture affects the estimate of the Γ parameter and the theoretical flow resistance law (Equation 25), (2) the proposed Equation (25) fits well the independent measurements of the testing data base, (3) the estimate of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is affected by the soil particle detachability and transportability and (4) the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is linearly related to the rill slope. 相似文献
619.
Long‐term river meandering as a part of chaotic dynamics? A contribution from mathematical modelling
In the present contribution we focus our attention on the possible signatures of a chaotic behaviour or a self‐organized criticality state triggered in river meandering dynamics by repeated occurrence of cutoff processes. The analysis is carried out examining, through some robust nonlinear methodologies inferred from time series analysis, both the spatial series of local curvatures and the time series of long‐term channel sinuosity. Temporal distribution of cutoff inter‐arrivals is also investigated. The analyzed data have been obtained by using a suitable physics‐based simulation model for river meandering able to reproduce reasonably the features of real rivers. The results are consistent and show that, at least from a modelling point of view, no evidence of chaotic determinism or self‐organized criticality is detectable in the investigated meandering dynamics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
620.
It is well known that axial force – bending moment interaction (N–M interaction) affects to a large extent the cyclic inelastic behaviour of structural elements, especially columns in framed structures, with reduction in bending capacity and loss of available ductility. A few studies have also shown that significant inelastic axial shortening affects the response of column elements subjected to medium–high levels of axial loads and cyclic bending. This paper is primarily aimed at evaluating the effects of column N–M interaction on the inelastic seismic response of steel frames. By considering the contemporaneous action of vertical loads, due to gravity, and of horizontal seismic excitation, it is shown that the progressive axial shortening of adjacent columns may differ substantially, thus inducing significant relative settlements at the ends of the connecting beams and, then, remarkable amplifications in beam plastic rotations. An evaluation of additional beam plastic rotations induced by column N–M interaction is carried out for real structures by investigating the inelastic response of steel frames designed according to European standards under horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献