The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration.     

Flood assessment and early warning of the reoccurrence of river blockage at the Baige landslide

On 10th Oct.and 3rd Nov.2018,two successive landslides occurred in the Jinsha River catchment at Baige Village,Tibet Autonomous Region,China.The landslides blocked the major river and formed the barrier lake,which finally caused the huge flood disaster loss.The hillslope at Baige landslide site has been still deforming after the 2018 slidings,which is likely to fail and block the Jinsha River again in the future.Therefore the investigation of 2018 flood disaster at the Baige landslide is of a great significance to provide a classic case for flood assessment and early warning for the future disaster.The detailed survey revealed that the outstanding inundations induced bank collapse disasters upstream the Baige landslide dams,and the field investigations and hydrological simulation suggested that the downstream of the Baige landslide were seriously flooded due to the two periods of the outburst floods.On these bases,the early warning process of potential outburst floods at the Baige landslide was advised,which contains four stages:Outburst Flood Simulating Stage,Outburst Flood Fore-casting Stage,Emergency Plan and Emergency Evacuation Stage.The study offers a con-ceptual model for the mitigation of landslides and flood disasters in the high-relief mountain-ous region in Tibet.     

露、霜、结冰天气现象综合判别

通过自动气象站的连续观测资料,结合人工观测的天气现象,根据露、霜、结冰的成因筛选出符合条件的基本指标作为综合判据。选取气温、相对湿度、地面温度、草面温度和近地面温度作为主要因子,综合考虑降水和天气状况对这些天气现象形成的影响。采用两个气象观测站的分钟观测资料以及人工观测天气现象记录进行统计分析。经过初选因子和精选指标,利用多要素的组合方法,提炼出自然状态下出现露、霜、结冰现象的综合判别指标,获得了较好效果,拟合率在80%以上。为进一步认识这些天气现象的发生和变化规律提供参考,也能为天气现象观测自动化提供依据。     

Snow avalanche susceptibility evaluation in the central Shaluli Mountains of Tibetan Plateau based on machine learning method北大核心CSCD

Snow avalanches,which are widely and frequently developed at high elevations,seriously threatens the built traffic corridors in the Tibetan Plateau. Susceptibility evaluation of snow avalanche via machine learning model with a high forecast accuracy can be appled to quickly and effectively assess the regional avalanche risk. This paper took the central Shaluli Mountain region as the study area,in which the snow avalanche inventory was established through remote sensing interpretation and field investigation verification. We quantitatively extracted 17 evaluation factors via GIS-based analysis,and these factors were selected through the variance expansion factor（VIF）. Four machine learning models containing SVM,DT,MLP and KNN were used to compile the susceptibility index map of snow avalanches,and kappa coefficient and ROC curve were used to verify the accuracy. The results suggested that the susceptibility indexes obtained from SVM,DT,MLP and KNN were in the range of［0,0. 964］,［0,815］,［0,0. 995］and［0,1］,respectively. The accuracy test results show that these four models all have good prediction accuracy. Among them,the SVM model is the best. The results also indicated that the areas with the high snow avalanche susceptibility mainly distributed in Genie Mountain and Rigong Mountain,most of which were above the planation surface of the Tibetan Plateau. The average altitude of the extremely high snow-avalanche-prone areas is 4 939 m,while the average altitude of the high snow avalanche-prone areas is 4 859 m. The snow avalanche has low perniciousness on the Sichuan-Tibet Highway and the Sichuan-Tibet Railway in the study area. This study can provide theoretical basis and method reference for disaster prevention and mitigation of snow avalanche along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and other major projects across Shaluli Mountains region. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Climate warming and growth of high-elevation inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau

The growth of two high-elevation inland lakes (at 4600 m) was analyzed using satellite imagery (2000–2005) and data were collected over the last decade (1997–2006) at a plateau meteorological station (at 4820 m) and stream gauging data from a station (at 4250 m) in central Tibet. We examined the lake water balance responses to meteorological and hydrological variables. The results show that the lake areas greatly expanded by a maximum of 27.1% (or 43.7 km²) between 1998 and 2005. This expansion appears to be associated with an increase in annual precipitation of 51.0 mm (12.6%), mean annual and winter mean temperature increases of 0.41 °C and 0.71 °C, and an annual runoff increase of 20% during the last decade. The changes point to an abrupt increase in the annual precipitation, mean temperature and runoff occurring in 1996, 1998 and 1997, respectively, and a decrease in the annual pan evaporation that happened in 1996. The timing of lake growth corresponds closely with abrupt increases in the annual precipitation and runoff and with the decrease in the annual evaporation since the mid-1990s. This study indicates a strong positive water balance in these permafrost highland lakes, and provides further evidence of lake growth as a proxy indicator of climate variability and change.     

峡东南华系南沱组底部冰川底碛沉积特征及其意义

峡东地区是我国原震旦系标准剖面所在地,该地区南沱组直接覆盖莲沱组之上,中间缺失下冰期和间冰期地层,究其原因尚不清楚.通过聚焦南沱组与莲沱组接触层位,利用现代冰川沉积物研究方法开展系统沉积学研究,结果表明:九龙湾周缘南沱组和莲沱组之间存在一层紫红色混合杂砾岩层,其内部砾石定向性、形态、磨圆、岩性以及显微构造与之上南沱组典...     

中国南方网纹红土元素地球化学特征及其对网纹化过程的指示意义*

中国南方网纹红土是在季风气候条件下形成的一种特殊地层,对重建南方第四纪气候环境具有特殊重要的意义,但长期以来对网纹化过程的物化特点缺乏足够的认识。对江西九江、彭泽与湖南岳阳3个剖面的黏土质网纹红土中白色网纹和红色基质分离后进行了地球化学元素、游离铁含量等测试,结果表明:(1)白色网纹中,发生了Fe、Mn、Th、Ga、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、 V等元素的显著亏损,SiO₂、Zr、Hf及轻稀土元素的显著富集,游离铁含量较低;红色基质中则完全相反;(2)网纹中Fe²⁺含量较高,基质中含量较低,揭示了网纹倾向于还原环境,基质倾向于氧化环境。研究认为网纹和基质这种氧化还原差异,是Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr、V、Zn、Th、Ga、Cu等元素在网纹中游离淋失,并在基质中的沉淀富集,造成Zr、SiO₂及轻稀土等在网纹中的相对富集、在基质中“稀释”而呈现亏损的主要原因。     

软土地区超长抗拔桩成桩选型研究

对软土地区长抗拔桩中常用的常规直桩、扩底桩、注浆直桩的承载力性状进行了比较分析,研究了不同桩型的荷载传递规律和承载力提高机理,并引出其荷载一位移的理论计算公式,认为抗拔桩存在“有效桩长”。通过对某沿海城市不同超长抗拔桩的现场抗拔试验,分析比较了各种桩型在30mm上拔位移控制值下的单桩承载力和桩侧摩阻力分布规律,认为超过“有效桩长”的设计是不经济的,注浆直桩可以提高安全系数,宜优先选用注浆直桩。     

渤海莱州湾沉积物REE与重金属污染特征及物源判别

基于莱州湾32个典型站位的表层沉积物样品,系统分析了稀土元素(REE)组成和分布特征以及重金属污染程度和污染来源;探讨了影响重金属和稀土元素分布的环境因素,并从重金属潜在源区、化学蚀变指数(CIA)和REE特征3个角度分析了莱州湾表层沉积物来源。研究表明,稀土元素总量自莱州湾东南部向北部递增,部分稀土元素（Eu、Gd和Tb）含量主要与细粒级的黏土矿物和有机碳含量相关,受化学风化的影响很小。研究区部分站位受到了Cd和Hg的污染,且主要是人类活动富集的;Cu、Pb、Zn可能源于地壳自然风化产物,其中Cu和Zn还与人类活动密切相关;Cr则受自然风化和人类活动的双重影响而富集;大部分重金属含量的累积还受湾内水动力的影响。沉积物源的判别结果显示,研究区CIA平均值为50.83,接近黄河沉积物的CIA值（50.9～59.7）,低于中国黄土;研究区稀土元素配分模式和特征参数也与黄河十分接近,表明黄河是莱州湾表层沉积物的重要来源;广利河与潍河-弥河三角洲仅对南部和西南部海域沉积物有贡献,而黄土和山东省土壤对莱州湾沉积物的贡献量相对更少。