稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放特征及其能值评估

为探明稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放特征并合理评价该模式的环境可持续性,通过对江汉平原稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD和氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度进行监测,对稻虾轮作模式稻田养殖小龙虾的排污系数进行了估算,并采用等标污染负荷法进行了主要污染物解析。运用能值分析方法对稻虾轮作模式进行了包含面源污染的能值评估,对比单季稻模式,对其可持续发展能力进行了定量评价。结果表明：江汉平原稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中TN、TP、COD和NH₃-N的浓度范围分别为0.53～5.36、0.12～0.70、6.60～78.39和0.34～1.75 mg/L,TN、TP和COD平均排放浓度高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准。等标污染负荷法分析结果表明TN的等标负荷比最高,是稻虾轮作模式面源污染控制的关键污染物。稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中TN、TP、COD和NH₃-N的排污系数分别为2.994、0.458、35.132和1.405 kg/t,表明稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放系数较低,对...     

北太平洋维多利亚模态对淮河流域夏季降水的影响

北太平洋维多利亚模态(Victoria Mode, VM)是北太平洋重要的气候模态,对全球降水和气候有着重要影响。本文使用CN05.1格点化观测数据集资料,研究了春季(2—4月)VM模态与我国淮河流域夏季(6—8月)降水的关系,揭示了其内在的可能机制,并在此基础上建立了一个淮河流域夏季降水预测模型。结果表明,春季VM模态与淮河流域夏季降水存在较强的正相关关系,该相关受ENSO影响有限;春季VM模态可以通过海气相互作用在夏季增强赤道西太平洋上空的异常西风,导致影响淮河流域的气旋性环流异常。气旋性环流异常有利于淮河流域上空丰富的水汽供应和异常上升运动。因此,淮河流域夏季降水量增加。     

基于激光扫描点云的隧道断面提取方法

传统断面测量方法存在效率低、精度差等特点,为优化断面测量方法,提出利用地面激光点云提取断面的方法。其主要包括:中轴线拟合、点云分割、断面提取三步骤。在基于点云双向投影确定初始中轴线的基础上,运用弦高偏移算法,提取骨架特征拐点,对中轴线分段再次拟合,获取二次中轴线;点云分割是基于隧道中轴线进行的,对隧道的点云数据进行连续分割,对截取的断面进行椭圆拟合。实验表明,通过此方法快速提取中轴线上任意位置的断面。     

华南泥盆纪埃姆斯期腕足类、双壳类群落、竹节石生物相及生态地层

近年来,地层学这一古老的地学领域,发生了很大的变化,出现了许多新的分支学科,如层序地层学、旋回地层学、生态地层学,以及综合地层学等等。这些地层学的分支学科,虽然都是研究沉积地层的,但它们的学科理论、研究途径、工作方法等都大相径庭。例如生态地层学,就是以古生物群落生态和生物相为基础,由古生态学和生物地层学相互渗透而发展起来的。由于生态地层学特别强调解释有机界和生存环境之间的关系,因而特别为岩相古地理学、沉积地质学的同行所注目。为了较为系统的、有具体研究实例的介绍这一新兴学科,是我们刊出“华南泥盆纪埃姆斯期腕足类、双壳类群落、竹节石生物相及生态地层学”专辑的原因之一。任何自然科学学科的兴起,都有其起步阶段,或者说在其发展初期都有大量急待发展和完善的方面,生态地层学也不会例外。但是,任何学科的兴起都总有其强大生命力,甚至有某种重大的突破,生态地层学当然也不会例外。为了让读者能全面地了解和认识这一新兴学科,是我们出此专辑的原因之二。为了把《岩相古地理》办得更活跃一些,我们准备有选择地出一些专辑,集中刊出某一新分支学科或某一专项研究的成果。为此,以此专辑作一尝试,是出此专辑原因之三。对此,望读者不吝赐教。     

峡东南华系南沱组底部冰川底碛沉积特征及其意义

峡东地区是我国原震旦系标准剖面所在地,该地区南沱组直接覆盖莲沱组之上,中间缺失下冰期和间冰期地层,究其原因尚不清楚.通过聚焦南沱组与莲沱组接触层位,利用现代冰川沉积物研究方法开展系统沉积学研究,结果表明:九龙湾周缘南沱组和莲沱组之间存在一层紫红色混合杂砾岩层,其内部砾石定向性、形态、磨圆、岩性以及显微构造与之上南沱组典型灰绿色杂砾岩区别明显,青林口剖面南沱组底部发育微观尺度上的变形沉积构造.表明南沱组底部与莲沱组接触层位为冰川底碛成因,而南沱组主体为冰海沉积成因.证明峡东地区南沱组与莲沱组之间地层缺失是由盛冰期的冰川剥蚀所致,南沱组可能仅代表了盛冰期之后冰消期的沉积记录.      

地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象与地震孕育过程

利用现有地电阻率观测资料,探索提出了新的无量纲地电前兆因子————地电阻率各向异性度(S),研究了孕震过程中地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象特征．结果表明,孕震过程中,地电阻率各向异性度显示出由正常异常强化（幅度、范围） 异常弱化 发震 正常的过程．地震发生于S强化后期转为弱化的时段及S异常区的边缘梯度带上．地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象,反映了孕震过程中构造应力场的变化．因而,可以通过地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象跟踪地震孕育发生过程,服务于地震短临预报．      

广西六景中泥盆统民塘组底部的硅化腕足动物化石

笔者系统研究了广西六景中泥盆统民塘组底部的硅化腕足化石,描述了３１个属种,其中新属、新亚属各１个,新种２０个,划分出Ｇｅｒａｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ－Ｐｅｎｔａｍｅｒｅｌａ（下部）动物群和Ｓｔｒｉｎｇｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ－Ｃｈａｎｇｔａｎｅｌａ（上部）两个动物群。着重对Ｇｅｒａｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ－Ｐｅｎｔａｍｅｒｅｌａ动物群的特征与时代进行了讨论,其时代具浓厚的艾菲尔晚期的色彩。该动物群属老世界区的一部分,与美国内华达同期动物群有密切的亲缘关系,同时与欧洲（如德国、捷克以及乌拉尔地区）也有一定相似性,然而从种群而言,它是一个斩新的动物群。提出Ｇｅｒａｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ不是Ｓｕｂｒｅｎｓｅｌ－ｌａｎｄｉａ与Ｓｔｉｎｇｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ之间的中间形态,而是Ｒｅｎｓｅｌａｎｄｉａ与Ｓｔｉｎｇｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ之间的中间形态,很可能Ｇｅｒａｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ就是Ｓｔｉｎｇｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ的先躯,它代表Ｒｅｎｓｓｅｌａｎｄｉａ向Ｓｔｉｎｇｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ演化过程中的一个重要阶段。     

在确定建筑物基础抗浮设防水位时应注意的一些问题

建筑物基础抗浮水压力主要受基底所在地层的地下水位控制。在有多层地下水的场地 ,预测最高地下水位时 ,宜分层预测     

Flood assessment and early warning of the reoccurrence of river blockage at the Baige landslide

On 10th Oct.and 3rd Nov.2018,two successive landslides occurred in the Jinsha River catchment at Baige Village,Tibet Autonomous Region,China.The landslides blocked the major river and formed the barrier lake,which finally caused the huge flood disaster loss.The hillslope at Baige landslide site has been still deforming after the 2018 slidings,which is likely to fail and block the Jinsha River again in the future.Therefore the investigation of 2018 flood disaster at the Baige landslide is of a great significance to provide a classic case for flood assessment and early warning for the future disaster.The detailed survey revealed that the outstanding inundations induced bank collapse disasters upstream the Baige landslide dams,and the field investigations and hydrological simulation suggested that the downstream of the Baige landslide were seriously flooded due to the two periods of the outburst floods.On these bases,the early warning process of potential outburst floods at the Baige landslide was advised,which contains four stages:Outburst Flood Simulating Stage,Outburst Flood Fore-casting Stage,Emergency Plan and Emergency Evacuation Stage.The study offers a con-ceptual model for the mitigation of landslides and flood disasters in the high-relief mountain-ous region in Tibet.     

The Role of Local Knowledge in the Risk Management of Extreme Climates in Local Communities: A Case Study in a Nomadic NIAHS Site

In the context of climate change, research on extreme climates and disaster risk management has become a crucial component of climate change adaptation. Local communities, which have been facing extreme climates for a long time in their production and daily life, have developed some locally applicable traditional knowledge that has played an important role in their adaptation to extreme climate and disaster risk management. Therefore, this research aims to link Local knowledge (LK) to community extreme climate disaster risk management in order to construct a conceptual model. It then takes the extreme climate adaptation strategy of traditional nomads in a temperate grassland of China as an example to analyze the role of LK in extreme climate adaptation using the proposed theoretical framework. The main research objectives of this study are: (1) To construct a conceptual model to illustrate the relations among extreme climate events, risk management, LK, and farmers' adaptation strategies; (2) To apply the theoretical framework to a field case to reveal context-specific extreme climate adaptation mechanisms with LK as a critical component; (3) To test the framework and provide suggestions for the extreme climates adaptation, and the conservation of LK related to climate change adaptation. The results show that from the perspective of disaster risk management, local communities could manage extreme climates as a disaster risk through adaptation strategies formed from LK, because as a knowledge system, LK contains relevant knowledge covering the whole process of disaster risk management.