Impacts of the large amount of sand mining on riverbed morphology and tidal dynamics in lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River

The sand dredging and its impacts on riverbed evolution and tidal dynamic change in the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River are examined in this paper. The large amount of sand, totally 3.32 billion m3 from 1980 to 2002, was mined from the riverbeds of the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River. Increasing of the channel capacity, lowering of the average riverbed elevation, deepening of the water depth and decreasing of the longi-tudinal riverbed gradient are the main effects on the riverbed evolution brought by the large amount of sand dredging. Under the strong sand dredging and associated significant riverbed deformation, the notable changes of the tidal dynamic in the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River occurred, including: (1) in the upper reaches of the Dongjiang River delta and lower reaches of the Dongjiang River, tidal level dropped apparently, tidal range widened, flood tidal duration became longer, amplitudes for major tidal components became bigger and tidal dynamics intensified; (2) tidal wave spread faster; and (3) the limits of the tidal level, tidal current and salt water moved upstream.     

应用“0”域概念进行对流云防雹(增雨)作业

人工防雹(增雨)作业所依据的原理是成雹(增雨)机制和雹云(积云)结构特征,而作业的难题是判断作业的部位和时机。利用冰雹存在成长“穴道”的新概念,对所获取的雷达基本反射率、反射率剖面(RCS)、速度剖面(VCS)及风廓线(VWP)等资料进行分析,找到相对水平风速为0的区域,即可准确判定“0”域的位置,找到冰雹成长的“穴道”,解决人工防雹(增雨)作业中作业部位和时机的判断问题,以此指导人工防雹(增雨)作业。     

Paleosols and their reflection of the environmental changes in the northeast region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Based on field investigations, laboratory analyses and ¹⁴C dating, this paper discusses the laws of the formation and development of the paleosols in the northeast region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since Late Pleistocene. The authors reconstruct basic conditions of climate, vegetation, soil and natural zones during the three periods in which the paleosols were formed, i.e. the last interglacial of the Late Pleistocene, warm stage of Late Glacial and the Optimum of Holocene. Finally, this paper discusses the relationship between the paleosols and the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.     

地理学在全球变化研究中的学科地位及重要作用

分析了当前全球变化研究的主要特点,指出地理学在全球变化研究中将发挥日益重要的作用。提出了地理学在全球变化研究中应着重开展研究的4个方面的重点科学问题。     

综合典型地表组成的城市地表温度估算

针对单一的地表物质组成并不能充分反映城市地表热环境特点这一问题,该文基于热混合影像,利用线性光谱分解方法获取地表组成信息,然后利用光谱分解热混合、线性回归、决策树方法估算地表温度。结果表明:只研究单一地表组成对地表温度的影响,有可能扩大其环境效应;决策树模型在不同规则下能更好地模拟地表温度的空间异质性;光谱分解热混合模型只需要两组数据即可估算出不同地表覆盖下的地表温度,且估算精度较其他模型高;光谱分解热混合模型和多元回归模型结合4种地表组成监测其对地表温度的影响,决策树方法通过不透水面、水体、植被预测地表温度,前两者估算精度比后者高,因此综合考虑城市典型地表组成能更好反映其对地表温度的作用。     

Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

To understand historical human-induced land use/cover change (LUCC) and its climatic effects, it is essential to reconstruct historical land use/cover changes with explicit spatial information. In this study, based on the historically documented cropland area at county level, we reconstructed the spatially explicit cropland distribution at a cell size of 1 km × 1 km for the Songnen Plain in the late Qing Dynasty (1908 AD). The reconstructions were carried out using two methods. One method (hereafter, referred to as method I) allocated the cropland to cells ordered from a high agricultural suitability index (ASI) to a low ASI, but they were all within the domain of potential cropland area. The potential cropland area was created by excluding natural woodland, swamp, water bodies, and mountains from the study area. The other method (hereafter, method II) allocated the cropland to cells in the order from high ASI to low ASI within the domain of cropland area in 1959. This method was based on the hypothesis that the cropland area domain in 1959 resulted from enlargement of the cropland area domain in 1908. We then compared these two reconstructions. We found that the cropland distributions reconstructed by the two methods exhibit a similar spatial distribution pattern. Both reconstructions show that the cropland was mostly found in the southern and eastern parts of the Songnen Plain. The two reconstructions matched each other for about 68% of the total cropland area. By spatially comparing the unmatched cropland cells of the two reconstructions with the settlements for each county, we found that unmatched cropland cells from method I are closer to settlements than those from method II. This finding suggests that reconstruction using method I may have less bias than reconstruction with method II.     

亚硝酸盐对长毛对虾幼体的毒性

长毛对虾幼体从无节幼体至仔虾期对亚硝酸盐的忍耐性依次增强。在盐度３２，ｐＨ８．２０和水温２８±０．５℃的条件下，无节，蚤状，糖虾，仔虾２４ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为７．６３，１５．０９，２２．９２和６４．５８ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３ＮＯ２２－Ｎ；蚤状，糖虾，仔虾４８ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为１１．９，１１．４１和３７．３４ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３ＮＯ２－Ｎ；仔虾７２ｈ和９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为２２．９４和１３．８１ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３     

高精度数字栅格地图的制作方法

分析了数字栅格地图制作过程中的误差来源和类型,提出了一套能够同时改正系统和局部几何畸变的制作方法和流程,开发了半自动、高精度的制作软件系统。     

极区ELDI随太阳活动的变化特征—— EISCAT/ESR雷达观测

利用1999—2011年EISCAT(EISCAT Tromsø UHF)和ESR(EISCAT Svalbard Radar)雷达的场向电子密度观测数据, 对比分析了两处雷达观测到的极区E层占优电离层ELDI (E-Layer Dominated Ionosphere)事件在太阳活动高、低年的统计特征。地面雷达观测表明, 太阳活动水平对极区ELDI发生率的空间分布影响显著: 在太阳活动高年, ELDI在EISCAT雷达处(极光椭圆区纬度)的发生率高于ESR雷达处(极尖/极隙区纬度); 在低年则恰好相反。夏季似乎不利于ELDI的发生, 且在该季节的变化特征不受太阳活动水平及空间位置变化的影响。两部雷达在太阳活动高年观测到ELDI的季节变化规律分别与低年期间的结果相一致: 在冬季和早春, ELDI的发生率较高, 其他季节发生率较低, 夏季尤其低。在ELDI事件期间, 两处雷达观测到事件的持续时间和电离层E层厚度随太阳活动水平的变化表现出明显差异: 高年事件的持续时间总体上比低年短, 低年观测到ELDI的厚度要小于高年结果; 然而N_mE/N_mF₂比值及H_mE却没有表现出明显依赖。     

北京地区低能见度区域分布初探

选用了水平能见度小于1000m的低能见度作为影响城市交通运输的一个指标,并研究了低能见度在北京地区时空分布特征。按水平能见度小于1000m的出现频率,多年日均变化曲线及全年日均、月均、季均变化特征,将北京地区划分为3个区,即东南部平原地区、西北部山区及东北－西南部过渡区。同时讨论了雾、浮尘等天气现象对北京地区低能见度的影响,得出影响北京地区低能见度的主要因子是雾。