海域天然气水合物吸力筒式开采装置及方法

天然气水合物具有很高的资源价值,众多国家正在开展相关研究与勘探,试采设备和技术取得了一定的发展,但离商业化开采还有很多关键技术问题需要解决。提出一种新型海域天然气水合物开采装置——吸力筒式开采装置及方法,主要包括开采筒、沉贯水泵和气液举升系统等,其整体由钢结构组合而成,依靠吸力和重力作用进入储层,然后进行降压开采,待作业结束后可回收重复使用。参照我国南海神狐海域地质,从理论上分析了新装置两个不同形态的贯入原理,并通过CMG STARS模拟研究新型开采方法的产能提升情况,由于吸力筒式开采装置能实现更大降压幅度并且扩大水合物分解面积,故产气效率相对于传统方法提高约2.46~11.69倍。吸力筒式开采装置具有结构强度高、开采半径大和施工简便等特点,有望做到“提产降本”,为实现海域天然气水合物商业化开采提供一条新思路。     

Key Properties of Solar Chromospheric Line Formation Process

The distribution or wavelength-dependence of the formation regions of frequently used solar lines, Hα，Hβ，CaIIH and CaII8542,in quiet Sun,faint and bright flares is explored in the unpolarized case.We stress four aspects characterising the property of line formation process:1) width of line formation core;2) line formation region;3)influence of the temperature minimum region; and 4) wavelength ranges within which one can obtain pure chromospheric and photospheric filtergrams.It is shown that the above four aspects depend strongly on the atmospheric physical condition and the lines used. The formation regions of all the wavelength points within a line may be continuously distributed over one depth domain or discretely distributed because of no contribution coming from the temperature minimum region, an important domain in the solar atmosphere that determines the distribution pattern of escape photons. On the other hand, the formation region of one wavelength point may cover only one height range or spread over two domains which are separated again by the temperature minimum region. Different lines may form in different regions in the quiet Sun. However, these line formation regions become closer in solar flaring regions. Finally, though the stratification of line-of-sight velocity can alter the position of the line formation core within the line band and result in the asymmetry of the line formation core about the shifted line center, it can only lead to negligible changes in the line formation region or the line formation core width. All these results can be instructive to solar filtering observations.     

Incorporation of perception-based information in robot learning using fuzzy reinforcement learning agents

Robot learning in unstructured environments has been proved to be an extremely challenging problem, mainly because of many uncertainties always present in the real world. Human beings, on the other hand, seem to cope very well with uncertain and unpredictable environments, often relying on perception-based information. Furthermore, humans beings can also utilize perceptions to guide their learning on those parts of the perception-action space that are actually relevant to the task. Therefore, we conduct a research aimed at improving robot learning through the incorporation of both perception-based and measurement-based information. For this reason, a fuzzy reinforcement learning (FRL) agent is proposed in this paper. Based on a neural-fuzzy architecture, different kinds of information can be incorporated into the FRL agent to initialise its action network, critic network and evaluation feedback module so as to accelerate its learning. By making use of the global optimisation capability of GAs (genetic algorithms), a GA-based FRL (GAFRL) agent is presented to solve the local minima problem in traditional actor-critic reinforcement learning. On the other hand, with the prediction capability of the critic network, GAs can perform a more effective global search. Different GAFRL agents are constructed and verified by using the simulation model of a physical biped robot. The simulation analysis shows that the biped learning rate for dynamic balance can be improved by incorporating perception-based information on biped balancing and walking evaluation. The biped robot can find its application in ocean exploration, detection or sea rescue activity, as well as military maritime activity.     

The Relationships of Sunspot Magnetic Field Strength with Sunspot Area, Umbral Area and Penumbra-Umbra Radius Ratio

Stokes profile inversion is very important to get the information on the vector magnetic field. Because the magnetic fields cannot be directly observed, adopting Stokes spectrum analysis to obtain vector magnetic field has become the major technique recently. Therefore, by Stokes profile inversion, we obtained vector magnetic fields of two layers based on the numerical solution (DELO solution, ReEs et al., 1989) to the polarized radiative transfer equation. We analyze the relationships of sunspot magnetic field strength with sunspot area, umbral area and penumbra-umbra radius ratio. By statistical research, it is found that the field strengths of the upper layer and the lower one decrease with the increasing penumbra-umbra radius ratio, and that the logarithmic expression is able to fit well the relationship between the maximum field strength of the upper layer and the sunspot area. Furthermore, we verify the result obtained by Ringnes and Jensen (1961) about the relationship between the maximum magnetic field strength and the umbral area, and the result obtained by Antalová (1991) of the relationship between the field strength and the penumbra-umbra radius ratio.     

乳山西涝口金矿床地质特征及找矿标志

乳山西涝口地处莱阳盆地东北缘,区内岩性复杂多样,断裂构造发育。金矿床产于新元古代震旦期鹊山二长花岗岩体与古元古代荆山群接触带内。主要金矿体赋存于荆山群大理岩的裂隙带中。成矿具有多阶段特点。荆山群中的蚀变大理岩为该区成矿的岩性标志;硅化、钾化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化及黄铁矿化为矿体的蚀变标志;物探激电异常及化探Au,Ag,As,Sb,Bi异常为找矿的间接标志。鹊山岩体与荆山群接触带及与中生代地层接触带为成矿的有利部位,分布于其中的NE向断裂构造与成矿具有密切关系。     

A bond-based smoothed particle hydrodynamics considering frictional contact effect for simulating rock fracture

Acta Geotechnica - A bond-based smoothed particle hydrodynamics considering hybrid friction contact (BB-SPH-HFC) method is proposed to simulate the dynamic friction behavior during crack initiation...     

冰冻圈变化对经济社会系统的综合影响及其适应性管理策略

冰冻圈是气候系统影响最直接和最敏感的圈层。在全球变化背景下,冰冻圈变化与生物圈、岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、人类圈之间的相互作用日趋加剧。特别地,冰冻圈快速变化对其影响区经济社会系统产生了广泛而深刻的负面影响,甚至危及人类福祉、经济社会系统的健康、和谐、持续发展。鉴于冰冻圈区位劣势及其较为落后的经济水平,其应对冰冻圈变化的能力极为有限。目前,适应仍然是冰冻圈应对气候变化的主要途径。冰冻圈变化对经济社会系统的综合影响分析是适应冰冻圈快速变化的基础,其适应性管理战略则是减轻冰冻圈快速变化不利影响、降低自然和经济社会系统防御其不利影响脆弱性的最终目标。     

Geochronology, Geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf Isotopes of No. I Complex from the Shitoukengde Ni–Cu Sulfide Deposit in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen, Western China: Implications for the Magmatic Source, Geodynamic Setting and Genesis

The Shitoukengde Ni-Cu deposit, located in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen, comprises three mafic–ultramafic complexes, with the No. I complex hosting six Ni-Cu orebodies found recently. The deposit is hosted in the small ultramafic bodies intruding Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Complexes at Shitoukengde contain all kinds of mafic-ultramafic rocks, and olivine websterite and pyroxene peridotite are the most important Ni-Cu-hosted rocks. Zircon U-Pb dating suggests that the Shitoukengde Ni-Cu deposit formed in late Silurian(426–422 Ma), and their zircons have εHf(t) values of-9.4 to 5.9 with the older T_(DM1) ages(0.80–1.42 Ga). Mafic-ultramafic rocks from the No. I complex show the similar rare earth and trace element patterns, which are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements(e.g., K, Rb, Th) and depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements(e.g., Ta, Nb, Zr, Ti). Sulfides from the deposit have the slightly higher δ~(34)S values of 1.9–4.3‰ than the mantle(0 ± 2‰). The major and trace element characteristics, and Sr-Nd-Pb and Hf, S isotopes indicate that their parental magmas originated from a metasomatised, asthenospheric mantle source which had previously been modified by subduction-related fluids, and experienced significant crustal contamination both in the magma chamber and during ascent triggering S oversaturation by addition of S and Si, that resulted in the deposition and enrichment of sulfides. Combined with the tectonic evolution, we suggest that the Shitoukengde Ni-Cu deposit formed in the post-collisional, extensional regime related to the subducted oceanic slab break-off after the Wanbaogou oceanic basalt plateau collaged northward to the Qaidam Block in late Silurian.     

An analysis of drilling fluid pumping pressure for the Maxi-HDD crossing project

For horizontal directional drilling crossing project, pumping pressure is a key factor that influences the drilling efficiency and the stability of borehole wall. There are nevertheless many theoretical difficulties in calculating and analyzing the dynamic law of pumping pressure. This paper aims to resolve these problems based on construction features and rheological theory. The power-law fluid model is adopted to describe rheological properties of drilling fluid. In order to prevent blowout from occurring in the drilling process, the maximum allowable mud pressure at different reaming stages is calculated by numerical method under condition of complicated geological structure. The borehole pressure must be greater than minimum required mud pressure which is achieved by hydrodynamic calculation method, only meet this condition can it transport the cuttings to the ground surface. Moreover, the pressure loss in the drill string, including loss in drill rod and loss through bit nozzles, is also calculated by newly derived equations. Finally, combining with practical engineering field data, the appropriate range of pumping pressure at different reaming stages is obtained through the calculation results of three types of pressure, which can help engineers minimize the occurrence of accidents and enhance the drilling efficiency.     

顾及非线性地形因子的地表面积计算

研究地表面积统计数学模型及其影响因素,消除不同分辨率DEM计算所得地表面积的差异,对综合利用多尺度DEM数据精确统计和监测地表面积具有重要意义。本文研究提出了一种顾及复杂地形因子的地表面积统计方法。该方法首先利用泰勒级数逼近原理对微观地形因子进行最小二乘估计,然后利用这些地形因子对DEM和多边形区域边界进行加密,最后利用加密后的DEM和多边形边界构建地表三角网统计地表面积。试验表明,在局部地形因子显著的山区或丘陵地区,使用不同分辨率DEM所统计的地表面积存在较大的差异,而顾及地形因子的地表面积统计方法可明显提高低分辨率DEM地表面积统计精度。