黄河流域1961—2010年极端气温指数的时空变化特征

根据黄河流域67个气象观测站1961—2010年逐日气温资料,采用线性回归分析和M-K检验等方法,研究了黄河流域6个核心极端气温指数的时空变化特征。结果表明:1)黄河流域平均最高气温、平均最低气温、暖日阈值和冷夜阈值均呈现显著的上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.28℃/10a、0.37℃/10a、0.19℃/10a和0.60℃/10a;气温日较差呈现不显著的下降趋势,下降速率为0.08℃/10a;霜冻日数以3.36天/10a的速率呈现显著下降趋势。2)平均最高气温与平均最低气温(暖日阈值与冷夜阈值)的上升呈现明显的不对称性,这是引起气温日较差下降的主要原因,而黄河流域变暖和霜冻日数的减少主要是由平均最低气温的快速上升引起的。3)在空间上,黄河流域变暖趋势较为显著的区域为呼和浩特、乌拉特中旗、包头、惠农、鄂托克旗、东胜一带和绥德、离石、太原、太谷、延安、延长、隰县、吉县一带。4)黄河流域6个气温指数的年内变化以冬季最为明显,而且变化趋势显著,冬季变暖对黄河流域年内气温升高贡献最大。     

毫米波雷达在小尺度云雾系统监测中的应用

运用毫米波雷达结合地面观测对2017年4月15-16日发生在宁波北部海域的大范围大雾天气过程进行了分析.结果 表明:毫米波雷达可以实现对10 km左右的液态水系统、千米左右游离液态水团和更小尺度的局地短时液态水团等进行有效监测.10 km尺度的液态水系统过境使站点的能见度呈现深V型变化;未有液态水系统过境的站点,在靠近...     

3D tree modeling from incomplete point clouds via optimization and L1-MST

Reconstruction of 3D trees from incomplete point clouds is a challenging issue due to their large variety and natural geometric complexity. In this paper, we develop a novel method to effectively model trees from a single laser scan. First, coarse tree skeletons are extracted by utilizing the L₁-median skeleton to compute the dominant direction of each point and the local point density of the point cloud. Then we propose a data completion scheme that guides the compensation for missing data. It is an iterative optimization process based on the dominant direction of each point and local point density. Finally, we present a L₁-minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm to refine tree skeletons from the optimized point cloud, which integrates the advantages of both L₁-median skeleton and MST algorithms. The proposed method has been validated on various point clouds captured from single laser scans. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method for coping with complex shapes of branching structures and occlusions.     

江南造山带黟县复式岩体的成因研究

黟县岩体位于江南造山带北东段,是该区侵入新元古代基底中面积最大的复式岩体。本文对黟县岩体开展岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩地球化学分析和研究。该岩体可划分为两个侵入体,岩石类型分别为闪长岩、花岗闪长岩。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,闪长岩和花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为812±19 Ma和150.6±3.3 Ma,即上述岩石分别形成于晋宁期和燕山期。花岗闪长岩的地球化学特征表现为钾质、钙碱性、过铝质岩石,具有类似埃达克岩特征：高SiO₂（>65%）,高Sr/Y（>21.44）和（La/Yb）_N（>11.57）比值,高Al₂O₃（<16%）,低MgO（<2.20%）,低Yb（<1.36×10^-6）和Y（<15.11×10^-6）,但贫钠（K₂O/Na₂O>0.5%）。闪长岩的地球化学特征表现为钾质、高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石,具有较高的Al₂O₃（>16%）,MgO（> 2.39%）和高TiO₂（> 0.41%）等含量,高Sr/Y（> 15.49）比值,低Yb（< 1.93×10^-6）和Y（<15.5×10^-6）含量,具有相似埃达克岩特征。两者的稀土元素配分图显示LREE富集,HREE亏损,强烈亏损P、Nb,具有微弱的Eu负异常。两者均为Ⅰ型花岗岩。两期岩浆源区主要源自古老下地壳岩石的部分熔融,晋宁期的闪长岩伴有地幔成分的参与。晋宁期的闪长岩可能形成于火山弧构造环境中,显示华夏地块向扬子地块俯冲汇聚过程;而燕山早期的花岗闪长岩形成于由挤压至拉张转换构造环境中,可能与古太平洋斜向俯冲作用有关。     

下扬子地区汤口断裂带构造特征、期次及动力学探讨

汤口断裂带是下扬子地区一条北东—北北东向的控岩、控矿断裂,该断裂几何学、运动学的研究对认识下扬子地区燕山期以来构造演化具有重要意义。详细的构造解析表明,该断裂带至少经历了4期构造变形,分别是中侏罗世—早白垩世早期的逆冲挤压、早白垩世中期—古新世的伸展拉张、始新世—渐新世的右行平移和中新世—中更新世的左行走滑。根据断层面擦痕的矢量反演以及断裂的野外切割关系,我们认为汤口断裂带多期次构造变形对应的区域应力场分别为北西—南东向挤压、北西—南东向伸展、近东西向挤压和近南北向挤压。燕山期以来汤口断裂带的形成和演化主要与华南陆块多板块汇聚挤压的构造环境有关,包括伊泽奈崎板块和太平洋板块向欧亚板块之下的先俯冲碰撞、后拉张以及新生代印度—澳大利亚板块向北碰撞后产生的多方向应力作用。

     

Experimental study on the effects of the moisture content of bituminous coal on its gas seepage characteristics

Moisture content is the main factor affecting the occurrence and flow of gas in bituminous coal and restricts the gas permeability of the coal seam, which affects the effectiveness of gas extraction from the coal seam directly. In order to study the influence of moisture content on the gas seepage characteristics of bituminous coal, this paper focused on bituminous coal from the Xutuan coal mine and used a bespoke laboratory unit called a Gas Flow and Displacement Testing Apparatus (GFDTA). The moisture content of bituminous coal was measured, and the axial and radial gas seepage experiments of bituminous coal under different moisture content conditions were carried out. The average original moisture content (1.3%) and the average saturated moisture content (2.4%) of the bituminous coal sample were obtained. It was observed that, with the increase of time, the original moisture content of the coal decreased with a negative exponential function and the wetting moisture content increased with an Exponential Association function. The gas axial seepage experimental results showed that when the moisture content was lower, the coal adsorbed CH₄; when the moisture content was higher than M_ad, the two fields of gas and liquid are coupled and affect the axial flow of the CH₄, decreasing the moisture content. With higher moisture content, the interaction between the two is more readily evident and the diffusion behavior of the CH₄ has a greater impact on the moisture content. Axial and radial gas seepage experiments, under the same gas pressure, axial pressure, and confining pressure, revealed that with the increase of moisture content, the axial and radial permeability of bituminous coal first increased and then decreased. This phenomenon is analyzed by the water lock effect, the effects of sorption on gas seepage and moisture content on gas adsorption effects. Among them, critical moisture content of approximately 1% exists when the axial and confining pressures are loaded or unloaded at the same time as well as the axial pressure loading or unloading alone. However, the critical moisture content is about 0.5% under confining pressure loading or unloading alone. In addition, in radial seepage experiments, it was observed that the volumetric strain of the coal decreased with the increase in the moisture content.     

基于静止卫星的青藏高原及周边地区夏季对流的气候特征分析

利用2010-2014年静止气象卫星FY-2E的红外TBB资料,分析了夏季青藏高原（高原）及周围地区对流的气候特征。分析表明,5月,高原最主要的对流发生在东部边缘。6月,随着亚洲夏季风爆发,最强的对流（强对流）发生在高原的东南侧。7-8月,强盛的西南风给高原中东部部分地区带来丰沛的水汽,高原的东南部形成一条对流（强对流）活跃带。在高原西部,对流发生频率大于6%的区域出现在西部南麓的时间约为37候,并于7月底-8月初到达最北。在高原中部,对流（强对流）开始活跃的时间为6月上旬（中旬）,维持整个盛夏,并分别经历3次向北推进,最北约到达34°N。在高原东部,5月底开始对流都处于相对活跃期,有3次（两次）对流（强对流）的北进。高原对流（强对流）发生频率存在两个季节内变率大值区,分别位于高原中南部雅鲁藏布江中段和高原东南部西藏、青海、四川三省交界处。对流发生频率的第一模态主要是高原东南部和南部的印度季风区对流的反向模态,第二模态则体现了高原西部和印度大陆80°E以西地区与南亚大陆80°E以东地区的对流发生频率的三极型变化。      

旋转多基线对工业摄影测量精度的影响

在工业摄影测量中,影响测量精度的要素较多,为了提高摄影测量精度,在控制网型、被测物体、摄影距离等其它条件相同的情况下,采用不同的工业摄影测量相机,研究每个摄站不同旋转基线次数对精度的影响.通过对比不同旋转基线个数工况下的测量重复性,得出16个相机旋转基线比传统的2个相机旋转基线的测量重复性精度有明显提高;且随着相机旋转...     

基于径流系数的流域产流模型建立及检验

降雨径流关系因其原理简单实用在实际洪水预报中应用广泛,但一直以来是经验推算。在阐述降雨径流关系的基础上,构建了基于径流系数的流域产流模型,并确定了径流系数的计算公式。将该模型应用在伊河流域的东湾站、沙颍河流域的官寨站以及灌河鲇鱼山站等控制流域的径流预报中,结果表明,模型在3个流域的预报合格率均达到了乙级以上作业预报要求。该模型简单实用,计算步骤可行,并易于程序化,可进一步推广应用。     

The basic characteristics and spatial patterns of global cultivated land change since the 1980s

In this paper, we analyzed the spatial patterns of cultivated land change between 1982 and 2011 using global vector-based land use/land cover data. (1) Our analysis showed that the total global cultivated land area increased by 528.768×10⁴ km² with a rate of 7.920×10⁴ km²/a, although this increasing trend was not significant. The global cultivated land increased fastest in the 1980s. Since the 1980s, the cultivated land area in North America, South America and Oceania increased by 170.854×10⁴ km², 107.890×10⁴ km², and 186.492×10⁴ km², respectively. In contrast, that in Asia, Europe and Africa decreased by 23.769×10⁴ km², 4.035×10⁴ km² and 86.76×10⁴ km², respectively. Furthermore, the cultivated land area in North America, South America and Oceania exhibited significant increasing trends of 7.236× 10⁴ km²/a, 2.780×10⁴ km²/a and 3.758×10⁴ km²/a, respectively. On the other hand, that of Asia, Europe and Africa exhibited decreasing trend rates of–5.641×10⁴ km²/a,–0.831×10⁴ km²/a and–0.595×10⁴ km²/a, respectively. Moreover, the decreasing trend in Asia was significant. (2) Since the 1980s, the increase in global cultivated lands was mainly due to converted grasslands and woodlands, which accounted for 53.536% and 26.148% of the total increase, respectively. The increase was found in southern and central Africa, eastern and northern Australia, southeastern South America, central US and Alaska, central Canada, western Russia, northern Finland and northern Mongolia. Among them, Botswana in southern Africa experienced an 80%–90% increase, making it the country with the highest increase worldwide. (3) Since the 1980s, the total area of cultivated lands converted to other types of land was 1071.946×10⁴ km². The reduction was mainly converted to grasslands and woodlands, which accounted for 57.482% and 36.000%, respectively. The reduction occurred mainly in southern Sudan in central Africa, southern and central US, southern Russia, and southern European countries including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Hungary. The greatest reduction occurred in southern Africa with a 60% reduction. (4) The cultivated lands in all the continents analyzed exhibited a trend of expansion to high latitudes. Additionally, most countries displayed an expansion of newly increased cultivated lands and the reduction of the original cultivated lands.