基于L-BFGS算法和同时激发震源的频率多尺度全波形反演

全波形反演可以利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,庞大的计算量和存储空间需求,限制了全波形反演的发展。在频率多尺度全波形反演中将L BFGS数值优化算法与同时激发震源技术相结合的方法来改善这一现状。首先,对Marmousi模型进行了速度反演：在计算过程中明显发现对计算机内存的占用减少,最终反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差为0.095 9,较小;采用10个频带单炮震源正演384炮所需时间约为32 640 s,而采用同时激发震源（384炮）正演一次所需时间仅约为700 s。然后,基于高速楔形体模型进行了抗噪能力研究：原始含噪地震记录信噪比为11.147 3 dB;对反演得到的速度模型进行正演,其地震记录信噪比为22.251 8 dB。最后,基于逆冲断层模型进行了反演速度扰动能力研究,反演得到的最终模型很清晰,与具有速度扰动特性的实际模型非常接近,拟合误差仅为0.036 0。数值模拟试验结果表明：此方法反演精度高,内存开销较小,能够显著提高计算效率,并且具有良好的抗噪能力,能够反演出具有速度扰动特性的介质。     

中国新能源发电生命周期温室气体减排潜力比较和分析

从生命周期的角度分析,各类新能源发电技术的开发、建设、运行过程,也会带来一定的温室气体排放,这引发了人们对于新能源发电技术“低碳”属性的担忧。遵循生命周期评价方法,在对国内外大量资料文献进行收集整理的基础上,对中国传统火电和主要新能源发电技术的温室气体排放系数进行了对比分析;并根据国家发展规划目标,对新能源发电替代火电的温室气体减排潜力进行了估算。分析结果表明,即使考虑生命周期内的排放,新能源发电技术的温室气体排放系数仍远远低于火电,新能源发电技术替代火电的温室气体减排潜力巨大。     

羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征讨论

长期以来,羌塘盆地烃源岩的研究一直限于中生代地层,而对其古生代地层生烃能力一直缺乏系统研究。针对这一问题,本文选择羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系8条剖面的暗色泥岩及碳酸盐岩样品,对其从有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度等方面进行了有机地球化学特征的分析。研究发现,石炭—二叠系可能烃源岩类型包括泥岩和碳酸盐岩两种,其分布总体上受沉积相的控制,碳酸盐岩烃源岩可能为局限台地相发育的泥晶灰岩,而泥质烃源岩主要为三角洲及斜坡相发育的暗色泥岩及凝灰质泥岩。石炭—二叠纪泥岩有机碳含量较高,具有较好生烃能力,大多达到烃源岩标准,尤其是刻莫石炭系剖面及贡日二叠系剖面,大多为中等—好烃源岩。碳酸盐岩有机碳含量总体比较低,为非烃源岩。石炭—二叠系碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,泥质烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型。石炭—二叠系烃源岩热演化程度总体较高,除盆地东部刻莫石炭系剖面处在成熟阶段外,大都处在高成熟—过成熟阶段,非常有利于天然气的生成,具备良好的天然气勘探前景。     

尼日尔Termit盆地古近系构造样式及其对油气聚集的控制作用

尼日尔Termit盆地主要发育早白垩世和始新世-渐新世两个裂陷旋回,其起源于不同的动力学背景和运动学机制,相应表现出不同的盆地性质。其中古近纪始新世-渐新世第二裂陷旋回受区域挤压应力环境下的非洲板块内部局部应力释放控制,具有逃逸盆地的性质,在盆地内部表现为典型走滑伸展特征。该旋回在第一期NW-SE控盆断裂基础上发育了NNW-SSE断裂体系,盆地整体呈现地堑地垒和半地堑结构,北部为双断结构地堑,南部为西断东超多米诺半地堑结构。古近系断裂的斜向拉张作用形成了大量雁列式正断层,以软连接方式相连,在二级构造单元内发育了大量构造调节带,分为同向型、对向型和背向型3大类,以同向叠覆型、对向平行型和背向叠覆型为主,成为Termit盆地最主要的构造调节带样式。古近纪始新世-渐新世第二裂陷旋回及其构造样式控制了盆地沉积体系,在始新世Sokor1初始裂陷期形成了三角洲湖泊沉积体系、渐新世-早中新世Sokor2深陷期沉积了湖相泥岩,形成了盆地主力储盖组合。同时,该旋回的构造调节作用形成了大量断块和断鼻/断背斜构造,成为Termit盆地的主要圈闭类型。渐新世-早中新世的深陷期导致断层沟通白垩系成熟烃源岩,在盆地内发生广泛的垂向和侧向运移,该时期断层的活动强度决定了古近系油气分布和富集程度。Sokor1和Sokor2段中下部岩性圈闭及Sokor2段成藏组合是Termit盆地的下步勘探领域。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生态移民过程及其生态系统服务价值评价——以宁夏海原县为例

以海原县为研究对象,以2000、2005、2010和2015年遥感数据为基础数据,综合运用土地利用动态度、生态系统服务价值评价模型、地理探测器等模型对海原县2000—2015年的生态系统服务价值时空变化进行研究。结果显示：2000—2015年海原县土地利用类型发生明显变化,林地、建设用地、水域以及园地面积分别增加24 532.56hm2、13 233.71hm2、1 093.58hm2和812.16hm2,而耕地、草地和未利用地面积呈下降趋势,其中未利用面积下降幅度最大,共减少21 333.05hm2;研究期间海原县生态系统服务价值呈现出逐年增加的变化趋势,由2000年的37.25×108元增加至2015年的62.23×108元,变化率为67.07%,而林地、园地和水域面积的增加是海原县生态系统服务价值增加的关键;从态系统服务价值空间分布来看,海原县生态系统服务价值在空间呈现出由西南向东北递减的变化趋势;研究期间研究区生态系统单项服务价值均呈现出增加的变化趋势,其中废物处理和水源涵养增加量最大,其次是生物多样性和气候调节,而食物生产、原材料生产以及娱乐文化增加量最低,说明海原县的生态系统调节服务>支持服务>供给服务>文化服务;通过地理探测器诊断发现草地、园地、林地、气候调节、土壤形成与保护、生物多样性保护的决定力q值均＞0.8,说明这6项因子对研究区生态系统服务价值变化具有重要的影响作用。     

Seismic stratigraphy of the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel system,northwest South China Sea

Based on more than 4000 km 2D seismic data and seismic stratigraphic analysis, we discussed the extent and formation mechanism of the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel. The Qiongdongnan deep sea channel is a large incised channel which extends from the east boundary of the Yinggehai Basin, through the whole Qiongdongnan and the Xisha trough, and terminates in the western part of the northwest subbasin of South China Sea. It is more than 570 km long and 4–8 km wide. The chaotic (or continuous) middle (or high) a...     

Fine-grained Pleistocene deepwater turbidite channel system on the slope of Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Recently, as oil exploitation has become focused on deepwater slope areas, more multi-channel high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data were acquired in the deepwater part of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea. Based on 3D seismic data and coherence time slice, RMS and 3D visualization, a series of deepwater channels were recognized on the slope that probably developed in the late Quaternary period. These channels trend SW–NE to W–E and show bifurcations, levees, meander loops and avulsions. High Amplitude Reflections (HARs), typical for channel–levee complexes, are of only minor importance and were observed in one of the channel systems. Most of the detected channels are characterized by low-amplitude reflections, and so are different from the typical coarse-grained turbidite channels that had been discovered worldwide. The absence of well data in the study area made it difficult to determine the age and lithology of these channels. Using a neighboring drill hole and published data about such depositional systems worldwide, the lithology of these channels is likely to be dominated by mudstones with interbedded thin sandstones. These channels are formed by turbidity currents originated from the little scale mountain river of mid-Vietnam in SW direction and were probably accompanied by a relative sea level drop in the last glacial age. These channels discovered on the northern South China Sea slope are likely to be fine-grained, mud-dominant and low N:G deposits in a deepwater paleogeographic setting.     

Seismic characteristics of a reef carbonate reservoir and implications for hydrocarbon exploration in deepwater of the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea

Our analysis of approximately 40,000 km of multichannel 2-D seismic data, reef oil-field seismic data, and data from several boreholes led to the identification of two areas of reef carbonate reservoirs in deepwater areas (water depth ≥ 500 m) of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB), northern South China Sea. High-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis revealed that the transgressive and highstand system tracts of the mid-Miocene Meishan Formation in the Beijiao and Ledong–Lingshui Depressions developed reef carbonates. The seismic features of the reef carbonates in these two areas include chaotic bedding, intermittent internal reflections, chaotic or blank reflections, mounded reflections, and apparent amplitude anomalies, similar to the seismic characteristics of the LH11-1 reef reservoir in the Dongsha Uplift and Island Reef of the Salawati Basin, Indonesia, which house large oil fields. The impedance values of reefs in the Beijiao and Ledong–Lingshui Depressions are 8000–9000 g/cc × m/s. Impedance sections reveal that the impedance of the LH11-1 reef reservoir in the northern South China Sea is 8000–10000 g/cc × m/s, whereas that of pure limestone in BD23-1-1 is >10000 g/cc × m/s. The mid-Miocene paleogeography of the Beijiao Depression was dominated by offshore and neritic environments, with only part of the southern Beijiao uplift emergent at that time. The input of terrigenous sediments was relatively minor in this area, meaning that terrigenous source areas were insignificant in terms of the Beijiao Depression; reef carbonates were probably widely distributed throughout the depression, as with the Ledong–Lingshui Depression. The combined geological and geophysical data indicate that shelf margin atolls were well developed in the Beijiao Depression, as in the Ledong–Lingshui Depression where small-scale patch or pinnacle reefs developed. These reef carbonates are promising reservoirs, representing important targets for deepwater hydrocarbon exploration.     

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浙北地区晚中生代侵入岩锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素地球化学:成因演化过程及其构造环境示踪

浙北地区位于扬子陆块东南缘,中生代岩浆侵入活动强烈,发育有何村石英二长岩、康山、沈家墈、泗岭花岗岩和凤凰山正长花岗岩等岩体。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,何村石英二长岩侵位时间为149.2±1.1 Ma,康山花岗岩形成于137.4±1.2 Ma,沈家墈、泗岭花岗岩和凤凰山正长花岗岩的成岩年龄在133.6±0.95 Ma~131.3±1.7 Ma之间。地球化学分析结果显示,何村石英二长岩为高钾钙碱性系列准过铝质I型花岗岩,高Rb、Th、U、K,贫Nb、Ta、Ti,中等的Eu负异常(δEu=0.78~0.79),具有类似岛弧岩浆岩的特征,锆石饱和温度为826~830℃。康山、沈家墈、泗岭花岗岩及凤凰山正长花岗岩地球化学特征相似,岩石富Si O2,高Ga、Zr、Nb和Y,贫Al2O3、Sr、Ba、Ti和P,强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.02~0.12);区别在于前者Fe2O3T含量为0.63%~0.89%,母岩浆温度为788~814℃,显示高分异I型特征;后三者Fe2O3T含量为1.02%~1.57%,母岩浆温度为847~868℃,属铝质A型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素研究表明,何村石英二长岩和康山花岗岩εHf(t)变化范围分别集中在-3.79~-1.67和-6.59~-5.23之间,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围对应于1162~1279 Ma和1350~1423 Ma,说明其源区物质可能主要来自中元古代地壳;沈家墈、泗岭花岗岩和凤凰山正长花岗岩εHf(t)主要集中在-4.24~2.48之间,tDM2主要集中于915~1161 Ma之间,说明岩体的源区物质来自于中-新元古代江南火山岛弧,εHf(t)值逐渐增大,表明越来越多的幔源物质或新生地壳参与成岩。浙北地区三类岩体分别形成于晚侏罗世古太平洋板块俯冲的挤压、早白垩世板块撤离挤压向伸展背景的转换和后造山拉张背景下岩石圈减薄等3个阶段。