气象要素对太阳能电池板温度的影响

温度升高会引起光伏电池发电效率下降,电池板温度是确定温度折减系数的必要条件,目前我国尚没有充足的外场实测电池板温度数据。该文基于北京南郊太阳能试验站2010年全年逐时电池板温度、气温、地表温度、斜面和水平辐照度实测数据,分析了电池板温度随时间的变化及其与各气象要素的关系。结果表明:电池板温度与气温和斜面辐照度的综合相关或与地表温度的线性相关最好,但实测数据不易获得;电池板温度与气温的线性相关较好,数据较易获得且质量有保证,从现实可行性考虑,是推算电池板温度最实用的相关方程;电池板温度与气温和水平辐照度的综合相关可以作为辅助方程,用于推算气温较高情况下的电池板温度。基于2010年电池板温度实测数据和加权计算的方法,得到北京地区年平均光伏发电温度折减系数约为2%,最高可达到13.3%。     

Macroscopic criteria for Green type porous materials with spheroidal voids: application to double porous materials

Combined effects of matrix plastic compressibility and void shape are investigated for ductile porous materials. To this end, a spheroidal volume containing a confocal spheroidal (prolate or oblate) void subjected to uniform strain rate boundary conditions has been first studied. A Green type matrix is chosen as a prototype for investigating effects of plastic compressibility. This is carried out by using a kinematics limit analysis theory from which a closed‐form expression of the macroscopic criterion is established for the considered class of materials. These results are then extended to ductile porous materials made up of a green matrix containing randomly oriented spheroidal voids. In the framework of a two‐step homogenization procedure, the obtained results are implemented to describe the macroscopic behavior of double porous materials involving spherical voids at the microscale and randomly oriented and distributed spheroidal voids at the mesoscale. For validation purpose, the new derived criteria are assessed and validated by comparing their predictions to available upper bounds and numerical data from literature. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秦岭镇-旬地区微细浸染型锑金矿床成矿条件及其找矿前景分析

镇（安）旬（阳）地区锑金矿化分布，与其区域地质地球化学因素，陆源断陷盆地沉积岩相变化，后期构造作用密切相关，认为镇旬地区为扬子与华北板块边缘对接过渡活动带，形成局部扩张断陷沉积盆地环境。海底同生断裂的发育，使盆地中心局限台盆环境造成陆源物质、内源组份和深部物质的混生，以及为深部含矿热液上升提供通道；在后期脆－韧性剪切变形构造叠加，地下热卤水循环改造作用，形成层控式细脉浸染型锑金矿床。该地区锑金成矿物质来源丰富，沉积构造环境优越，后期控矿构造发育，显示了潜在的细脉浸染型锑金矿床的找矿前景。     

大气垂直速度计算中校正方法的探讨

本文对大气运动中垂直速度ｗ计算中的几种校正方法作了分析比较，并在前人工作的基础上，对校正方法作了改进，提出了进行低通滤波、散度校正和法线风分量校正的方法。通过这些校正，使计算出的平均散度和垂直速度的垂直廓线能维持原计算曲线的形式，并能满足整个气层连续方程积分为零的条件，也符合误差随高度增大的情况。     

广州地区稻田甲烷排放及中国稻田甲烷排放的空间变化

１９９３年在广州地区采用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的自动采集和分析系统测量了稻田甲烷的排放率，首次获得了占我国２０－２５％左右水稻收获面积的华南地区稻田甲烷排放特征值。从而宏观地使我国五个主要水稻生态区的甲烷排放率都有了实测资料。稻田甲烷排放率的季节变化主要与气温及灌溉水状态的变化的较大关系，日变化规律以下午出现极大为主。本实验田的甲烷排放率低。     

黄土高原一次β中尺度大暴雨特征及成因分析

利用NCEP／NCAR逐日6h分析资料和常规观测资料,分析了2011年2月25日一28日山西连续降雪天气过程（以下简称2．25降雪）。①2．25降雪过程经历了三个阶段：2月25日为回流降雪阶段,26日一27日为倒槽冷锋与回流降雪共同影响降雪阶段,28日为低空切变线影响降雪阶段。②2．25降雪过程涵盖了华北地区大到暴雪的三个类型：回流类降雪、倒槽冷锋类降雪、低空切变线类降雪。③通过温湿场分析得出,对于低空切变线类降雪,对流层中层的湿核对降雪的开始有一定的指示意义。降雪未开始之前对流层中层有湿核,随着时间的推移,湿核向低层扩展,整个对流层中低层变为高湿区,降雪开始。当对流层中层变为干区,并向低层扩展,降雪过程结束。对于回流类降雪,低层回流对回流降雪起到冷垫的作用。④通过涡度场分析得出,对流层低层的负绝对涡度中心对其东侧的降水有指示意义,如果其东侧对流层低层配合有正涡度核,降雪强度较大,维持时间较长。⑤地面层出现的负绝对涡度中心说明近地面层有小高压系统的存在,这是因为低层回流冷垫作用形成的孤立小高压体。⑥28日降雪维持机制是条件性对称不稳定。     

华东地区态矢量的研究

态矢量来源于统计物理学,是对连续场进行粗粒化描述的方法。尹祥础等把该方法移植到地震学中用以定量刻画地震活动性的演化,取得较好的结果。作者对华东地区1970年以来发生5级以上12次地震进行了分析,总结震前态矢量的变化情况,发现震前态矢量均有显著变化,为本地区地震趋势预测提供一定的参考价值。     

Rising grain prices in response to phased climatic change during 1736–1850 in the North China Plain

Grain price volatility during historical periods is regarded as an important indicator of the impact of climate change on economic system, as well as a key link to adjust food security and social stability. The present study used the wheat prices in Baoding Prefecture, China, during 1736–1850 to explore connections between climatic transition and grain price anomalies in the North China Plain. The main findings were as follows:(1) The grain price change showed an apparent correspondence with climatic transition. The period 1781–1820 was a transition phase, with more extremes and decreased precipitations when the climate shifted from a warm phase to a cold one. Corresponding with the climatic transition, the grain price during 1781–1820 was characterized by that the mean of the original grain price series was significantly higher(lower) than the previous(later)phase, and the variance and anomaly amplitude of the detrended grain price series was the highest during 1736–1850.(2) The correspondence between grain price extremes and drought events occurred in phases. Five grain price extremes occurred following drought events during 1781–1810, while extreme droughts were the direct cause of the grain price spike during 1811–1820.(3) Social stability affected by climate change also played an important role in the grain price spike between 1811 and 1820. Paralleling the pathway of "precipitation-grain production-grain price", climate change could have an impact on grain price via the pathway of "precipitation-grain production-grain price-famine-uprising-grain price", as shown during the Tianli Uprising in 1813. These findings could contribute to an improved understanding of the interaction between climate change and human society during the historical period.     

吉林省夹皮沟金矿带几个重要地质问题的讨论

夹皮沟金矿带位于吉林省东南部桦甸地区。自1820 年发现以来,已累计探明黄金地质储量150 吨左右。该金矿带位于中朝古板块北缘东段与布列亚-佳木斯地块南缘的碰撞对接部位附近。区内发育5 条平行的NW 向含矿构造带,其北端均以锐角交汇于挥发河断裂。有别于前人的研究成果,本文提出夹皮沟金矿带恰好位于高级区与夹皮沟花岗-绿岩带的接触部位,形成以夹皮沟金矿化带为中心的矿化分带。夹皮沟金矿带为中生代成矿,夹皮沟NW 向弧形构造片理化带及其上盘扇状断裂系控制着金矿床的分布。在主要NW 构造带之间,还存在一系列与之平行的次级构造,它们与扇状断裂的交汇点及扇状构造系中的横向应力集中带是金矿化定位的有利部位。     

Variations in dust event frequency over the past century reflected by ice-core and lacustrine records in north China

In this paper, we analyzed the variations of dust proxies in the Dunde, Malan and Chongce ice cores from the northern Tibetan Plateau and the Hongjiannao lacustrine sediment core from north Shaanxi Province, and found that they all showed a general decrease trend over the past century. Owing to the fact that all these ice cores and lacustrine core were retrieved from the margins and/or the leeward sides of the major areas of dust events in north China, their records could suggest that the dust event frequency in north China declined over the study period. This decrease trend might be attributed to increasing precipitation and weakening westerly. However, human activities have made the areal extent of desertification expand acceleratingly in north China. This status could make it possible that dust events would occur on a large spatial scale under the future climate change, which would be a big environmental issue we shall face.