循环荷载下冻土变形特性研究现状及冻土开挖问题

讨论了循环荷载作用下冻土的变形特性,总结了前人对冻土变形特性的研究成果。重点阐述了影响冻土变形特性的主要因素,包括土质、含水量、含冰量、温度、围压、动应力振幅和频率对冻土变形特性的影响及其研究现状和主要结论。简要论述了冻土开挖方面的研究情况,并强调了冻土机械开挖方法的重要性。最后针对高效开挖冻土的实际需求,提出了进行冻土变形特性进一步研究的几点建议。     

结合实测光谱的ASTER TIR数据岩性划分与构造样式分析:以新疆阿克苏蓝片岩为例

常见造岩矿物的特征谱带位于热红外区域,因此热红外遥感在岩石地层划分与构造样式分析方面有巨大的应用潜力,并且精细岩石地层划分是构造样式分析的基础。新疆阿克苏蓝片岩被认为是目前世界范围内保存最好的前寒武纪蓝片岩之一。本文对该地质体中采集的不同类型岩石样品进行了室内热红外发射光谱测试,发现白云母石英片岩类残余辐射特征（restrahlen features,RF）位于波长8.55、9.16和9.60 μm处,绿泥绿帘片岩类RF位于波长9.60、10.50和11.66 μm处。按照ASTER TIR波段位置将样品的发射率光谱曲线重采样,利用ASTER TIR数据计算基性指数I_b和白云母指数I_m。依据I_b和I_m得到不同岩性段分布图,该图能反映蓝片岩地质体中不同基性程度岩石、后期侵入的基性岩墙群以及白云母石英片岩单元的空间分布。从岩性区域分布特征看,我们认为新疆阿克苏蓝片岩地质体平面构造样式表现为褶皱,其轴迹线为NE—SW向,这一结果与前人对其划分的单斜地层结构有较大的差异。另外,褶皱出现在地质体南部,说明其北部所受压力较南部小,与前人认识一致。研究结果体现了热红外遥感结合实测光谱可有效探测矿物岩石信息的优势,该方法可为相关研究提供参考。     

Identification of non‐linear stress–strain–time relationship of soils using genetic algorithm

Recognition of non‐linear constitutive rock/soil model from experimental results is often multi‐modal in the large parameter space. A genetic evolution algorithm is thus proposed for its recognition, including that of structure of the model and coefficients in the model. The structure of the model can be firstly determined according to mechanical mechanism if the mechanism is clearly understood or searched by using evolutionary algorithm. The coefficients to be determined are then searched in global optional space. With the new evolutionary algorithm, the non‐linear stress–strain–time constitutive law to describe strain softening behaviours of diatomaceous soil under consolidated and undrained state was recognized by learning stress–strain–time behaviour of an intact sample under consolidated pressure of σ_c=0.1 MPa and strain velocity of_a=0.175%/min. This model gave reasonable prediction for diatomaceous soils under varying consolidated pressures (0.1–3.5 MPa) and strain velocities (0.0044–1.75%/min). It indicates that the methodology proposed in this paper is robust enough and strongly attractive for recognition of non‐linear constitutive model of soil and rock materials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤海海峡客滚船海难事故与大风事件关系分析

针对1999～2005年渤海海峡发生的6起客滚船海难事故,利用长岛气象站观测资料,统计得出了引发海难事故的3种风力条件。结果表明:海难事故与冷空气活动密切相关,客滚船遇险后遇到最大风力7级、极大风力大于等于9级时海上救援很困难;10月—翌年5月为在渤海海峡约三分之一的时间内有可能发生海难事故,10～11月为海难多发期。     

A measurement domain receiver autonomous integrity monitoring algorithm

One of the key approaches to monitor the integrity of Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) is receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM). Existing RAIM algorithms utilise two tests in the position domain (for RAIM availability) and measurement domain (for failure detection). This paper proposes an alternative RAIM algorithm, which is based entirely in the measurement domain. This algorithm can be used for sensitivity analyses to support performance specification and system design. It can also be used during actual flight operations where the trigger is the phase of flight and its required navigation performance (RNP) parameters. This is made possible by computationally efficient calculation of the chi-squared parameters. The algorithm reverts to the current approach if the phase of flight is unknown. Simulation results for non-precision approach (NPA) have been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

一种基于动态格网模型的新型空间目标捕捉算法的设计与实现

空间数据捕捉是地图制图、空间数据编辑中的一个重要的功能。快捷、高效的空间数据捕捉算法可极大地提升空间数据编辑的效率,减少时间成本。目前常用的空间查询捕捉算法往往算法复杂,I/O操作频繁,增加了计算资源的消耗,降低了运行效率。针对这些缺点,本文提出了一种新型的空间目标动态捕捉算法。该算法建立一种自适应性和动态性的格网索引机制,该机制基于区域变化提取新格网,用新格网对原有数据和新数据进行提取,并把提取结果反映到新的四叉树格网索引中,实现索引数据动态更新。通过实验对比,我们发现该算法在缩短捕捉时间、提高矢量点线面捕捉精度方面非常有效,且捕捉稳定性较高,极大地提高了外业采集人员和数据处理人员的工作效率。     

一种改进的无人机影像拼接粗差剔除算法

利用无人机技术可以获取高分辨率影像。为了获取高精度的变换矩阵,提高影像匹配效率,本文对RANSAC算法进行了改进,加入影像的灰度信息进行约束,进一步剔除匹配粗差,最后采用均方根误差进行质量评判。为了验证算法的可靠性,选取一组山区影像和一组具有旋转偏角的建筑物影像进行验证。验证结果表明,匹配点粗差剔除率分别提高了15.15%和23.22%,本文算法的均方根误差较小,精度有显著的提高。     

岩石脆性评价方法研究进展及适应性探讨

脆性是岩石材料最重要的力学性质之一,准确评价岩石脆性在水利水电、交通、能源勘探开发的地下工程与边坡稳定性、岩石可钻性及可切割性分析等方面起着非常重要的作用。国内外研究人员从物理参数、力学参数、弹性参数等方面建立了大量的脆性评估指标,但目前仍缺乏统一的脆性认知和描述。本文系统综述了国内外岩石脆性评价方法,对常用的数十种脆性评价指标进行了分类,总结了现有脆性指标的基本原理和应用状况,探讨了各类脆性指标的适应性、优势及存在的问题,最后探讨了岩石脆性评价方法未来的研究方向。     

Energy Analysis and Experiment of Breaking Cobalt-Rich Crust

The uniaxial compressive breaking process of energy of deep-sea Cobalt-Rich Crust was selected as researching content, and the calculation of energy conversion of breaking Cobalt-Rich Crust under loading and unloading conditions was described in detail, and also the specimens of Cobalt-Rich Crust were tested in rock mechanical testing system under the specified stressing paths. From experimental data, the elastic energy, the dissipated energy and the total inputting energy of unloading points were analyzed systematically. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the specimens of Cobalt-Rich Crust are anisotropic rock, and different testing specimens need to load different axial forces to break, and the maximum of axial force is 8KN, and the minimum is 5KN; (2) when increasing the axial force, the elastic energy, the dissipated energy and the total inputting energy of the unloading points increased nonlienearly; (3) Cobalt-Rich Crust is not the same with other ordinary elastic rock, the elastic energy is lower than the corresponding dissipated energy, and with the increasing of the axial force, the difference between two values becomes more and more.     

Experimental Study of Mechanical Characteristics of Cobalt-Rich Crusts Under Different Temperatures

Experimental study of mechanical characteristics of Cobalt-Rich Crusts was conducted by MTS815 rock mechanical testing system and MTS615 environmental chamber under temperatures of 0–150 DEG C. The relationships between temperature and peak force, peak strain, elastic modulus and other parameters are analyzed systematically. Results show that there are different mechanical properties for Cobalt-Rich Crusts under different temperatures. With the increasing of temperature, the peak force and peak strain also are gradually reduced, and the changing amplitude is not a strict linear relationship, with the changing of temperature, the amplitude of the changing is or more or less nonlinear. When the temperature is 0 or 25 DEG C, the elastic modulus of Cobalt-Rich Crusts is nearly equal, but when the temperature changes from 25 to 150 DEG C, the elastic modulus increases with the increasing of temperature. Therefore, the researching work can provide a new idea for deep-sea mining engineering, and also be a theoretical basis for deep-sea mining.