多层螺旋CT和MRI在额骨内板增生症诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT和MRI在中老年女性额骨内板增生症（HFI）中应用的价值。方法:回顾性分析102例中老年女性（45～97岁,平均年龄67.66±11.95岁）头部多排螺旋CT和MRI图像,应用VR后处理图像评价HFI类型,以CT和MRI矢状位、CT斜矢状位图像测量额骨内板厚度,分析CT和MR测量额骨内板厚度的差异,分析年龄、额骨内板厚度与HFI的关系。结果:中年组（45～59岁,平均年龄52.97±4.43岁）、老年组（60～97岁,平均年龄73.49±8.45岁）分别29例和73例,中年组、老年组患者HFI患病率分别为41.38%和56.16%,两组无统计学差异。患病组中,中年组、老年组重度HFI患病率分别为41.67%和56.10%,两组无统计学差异。CT矢状位、CT斜矢状位测量额骨内板厚度无统计学差异,CT矢状位、MR矢状位测量额骨内板厚度无统计学差异。中年组、老年组,两组患者额骨内板厚度无统计学差异。患病组额骨内板厚度大于非患病组。回归分析,中老年女性人群,年龄与额骨内板厚度,两者不存在线性关系。结论:多排螺旋CT和MRI可以显示、测量额骨内板厚度,VR后处理重建技术可以直观反映额骨内表面,利于额骨内板增生症的诊断及分型。      

纵向岭谷区地表大气水汽含量的气候学计算

基于1976-2005 年30 年的高空气象逐月资料,分析了地表大气水汽含量与实际水汽压之间的统计关系,构建出基于地表水汽压的大气水汽含量气候学计算模型;结合地面气象资料,计算得到纵向岭谷区各站点的地表实际水汽压;采用ANUSPLIN气象要素插值模型,对站点地表水汽压进行空间化处理,实现地表水汽压的栅格化;最后,将地表水汽压格网数据输入构建的气候学模型,基于GIS地理空间分析平台,得到纵向岭谷区地表大气水汽含量的空间格局,实现大气水汽含量的空间化模拟。讨论纵向岭谷区地表水汽压与大气水汽含量的空间分布特征及其主要成因,认为纵向山系对水汽输送的东西向阻隔作用导致了地表水汽压与大气水汽含量的东西差异,南北走向深切河谷是季风水汽输送的重要通道;地形的“通道-阻隔”作用形成了大气水汽含量的特殊空间分布格局。     

基于GIS的中国地震灾害人口风险性分析

中国地震灾害发生频繁,因此进行有关地震灾害风险性分析十分必要。本文在分析地震灾害形成的各主要因子的基础上,结合1900-2009 年地震灾害数据,建立了地震灾害风险评估模型,定量确定了各风险性影响因子。最后利用ArcMap 软件的栅格计算功能,对于地震灾害中最重要的人口因素进行了分析,形成了中国地震灾害人口风险性分布图,并划分出了人口高风险区。     

基于SOFM 的区域界线划分方法

区域分异研究是人们对地理环境认知深度和自然地理研究水平的重要标志之一, 划定分区界线就成为一 项迫切而意义重大的工作, 尤其是在气候复杂、地貌多样的我国西南高原、山地组合区。云南省南部地区由于多季 风系统和大地形作用的影响, 气候复杂多样。雨季, 温暖湿润的西南夏季风给研究区西部带来大量降水, 东部雨量 少; 干季, 整个研究区主要在西风南支急流控制之下, 天气晴朗、少雨, 同时也使得植被种类及盖度差别较大。基于 研究区30 个气象台站的海拔高度、多年平均气温和降水、风速、活动积温、潜在蒸散以及MODIS- EVI 等数据, 利用 神经网络技术构建了非线性分类器, 即自组织特征映射模型( SOFM) , 对所有气象台站进行了聚类研究。结果显示, 哀牢山成为阻挡北来冷空气进入西南山地的屏障, 是我国冬季东北风和夏季西南风的分界线, 因此也成为研究区 东、西两类气候的分界线。SOFM网络应用于地形复杂、地貌多样的生态地理区域分异研究, 基本能反映不同区域之 间界线两侧的相似性和差异性, 能够揭示一个由量变到质量过程的连续性, 不失为一种较好的综合自然地理区划 方法。     

中国中温带东部生态地理区划的土壤指标

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality. In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization. However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches. Based on the second China’s national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization. The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils. With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed. By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771016 Author: Liu Ye (1980–), Ph.D, specialized in integrated physical geography.     

中国西南纵向岭谷区孢粉空间组合对阻隔作用的指示意义

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.     

气候变化和水的最新科学认知

政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）于2008年4月8日正式通过了"气候变化和水"技术报告。该报告建立在IPCC 3个工作组第四次评估报告的基础上,客观、全面而审慎地评估了与水有关的气候变化以及对水的过去、现在和未来的认知。最重要的进展是：过去几十年观测到全球变暖已经与大尺度水文循环的大规模变化联系在一起;气候模型对21世纪的模拟结果一致显示出降水在高纬和部分热带地区将增加,而在部分亚热带和中低纬地区将减少的结果;预计到21世纪中期,河流年平均径流和水量可能会因为高纬和部分湿润热带地区的气候变化而增加,而在中低纬和干旱热带将可能减少;许多地方降水强度和变率的增加将使洪旱危险性上升;预计冰雪储藏的水的补给将在本世纪减少;预计较高的水温和极端变化,包括洪旱等,将影响水质并加剧水污染;对全球而言,气候变化对淡水系统负面影响将超过收益;预计由于气候变化导致的水量-水质变化将影响食物的产量、稳定性、流通和利用;气候变化影响现有水的基础设施的功能和运行,包括水电、防洪、排水、灌溉系统,同时影响到水的管理;目前的水管理措施不足以应对气候变化的影响;气候变化挑战"过去水文上的经验能得到未来的情况"的传统说法;为保障平水和干旱情况所设计的适应选择,必须综合需水和供水双方的战略;减缓措施可以降低升温对全球水资源的影响程度,进而减低适应的需求;水资源管理明显地影响到很多其他政策领域。     

Seismic structure and origin of active intraplate volcanoes in Northeast Asia

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the Changbai and other intraplate volcanic areas in Northeast Asia is determined by inverting 1378 high-quality P-wave arrival times from 186 teleseismic events recorded by 61 broadband seismic stations. Low-velocity (low-V) anomalies are revealed beneath the Changbai, Longgan, Xianjindao volcanoes. High-velocity (high-V) anomalies are found in the mantle transition zone, where deep-focus earthquakes under Hunchun occur at depths of 500–600 km. The high-V anomaly reflects the deep subduction of the Pacific slab under NE Asia which may have contributed to the formation of the Changbai, Longgang, Xianjindao and Jingpohu intraplate volcanoes. A low-V anomaly is also revealed in the mantle transition zone, which may have a close relationship with the occurrence of deep earthquakes under the Hunchun area. Our results support the Big Mantle Wedge (BMW) model by Zhao et al. [Zhao, D., Lei, J., Tang, Y., 2004. Origin of the Changbai volcano in northeast China: evidence from seismic tomography, Chin. Sci. Bull. 49, 1401–1408; Zhao, D., Maruyama, S., Omori, S., 2007. Mantle dynamics of western Pacific and East Asia: insight from seismic tomography and mineral physics. Gondwana Res. 11, 120–131.] who proposed that the intraplate volcanoes in NE Asia are caused by the back-arc magmatism associated with the deep dehydration process of the subducting slab and convective circulation process in the BMW above the stagnant Pacific slab.     

Research on Dynamic of Terrestrial System of China: Academic Logic and Synthetic Scheme

Land surface, the environment where human survive and develop, is a synthesis formed with multi-scaled and multi-process interactions between natural factors. The terrestrial system, which is the core study field of physical geography, can be defined as the land surface synthesis with spatially ordered distribution and temporally dynamic balance. In the past century, natural variations and human activities have had profound influences on land surface. How they drove the changed interactions between land surface factors, and further altered the land surface pattern, are the frontier and basis for global change and geography studies. Based on the brief review of research on terrestrial system at home and abroad, the paper summarized the existing difficulties and problems, and then proposed the academic logic for studies of dynamic of terrestrial system. The research should be conducted following the logic of elements, patterns and dynamic, with emphasis on themes of processes and feedback, variation in regions and terrestrial system. At last, the synthetic scheme was designed for research on dynamic of terrestrial system. Aimed at innovation of regionalization methodology and detection on driving mechanism of dynamic of terrestrial system, the following four aspects should be included: Changes and interaction mechanism of key factors (i.e. water, soil, climate and plant) and their spatial-temporal variation; Quantifying the influences of factor interactions on regionalization formation and conversion; Quantified assessment on changing tendency and magnitude of land surface pattern under global climate change; Accomplishment of dynamic land surface pattern at different past and future stages. Correspondingly, the technical route should combine bottom-up and top-down methodologies, with field survey, earth observation, station monitoring and mathematical simulation to build the comprehensive database. Conducting research on dynamic of terrestrial system can be helpful for developing theory of integrated physical geography, deepening cognition on dynamic land surface pattern, and providing scientific basis for regional sustainable resources utilization and countermeasure establishment of climate change adaptation.     

海底地震仪对海上地震定位精度的提升作用——以南澳外海域M_L2.8级地震为例

由于海底地震台站的缺乏,如何提高海域地震定位的精度是目前地震学家面临的问题之一。南海北部陆缘作为板内地震的活跃带,其微震活动在华南沿海和近海海域频发,海上由于未布设相应的地震台网,因此对近海海域地震尤其是微震的定位精度极低。利用2012年南海东北部海陆地震联测期间两台海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismographs,OBS)所记录到的南澳外海域发生的ML2.8级地震为例,对比分析OBS数据加入前后对地震定位结果的影响。这是首次在南海北部陆缘利用OBS联合陆上地震台网对天然地震进行定位的对比研究,结果说明了近海海域OBS的布设将会对我国沿海地震定位精度的提升、地震活动性的特征以及海域断裂构造的研究具有极其重要的意义。