区域植被覆盖的多尺度空间变异性——以贵州喀斯特高原为例

地理格局尺度依赖性的客观存在,要求在连续尺度序列上对区域植被覆盖空间变异性进行考察,以真实反映植被覆盖空间特征。以贵州喀斯特高原为例,借助地统计学和GIS 软件,揭示了研究区NDVI的空间变异特征,并进行了空间变异与空间尺度的耦合研究。结论如下：① NDVI空间变异程度表现出明显的尺度依存性,空间尺度的粗粒化对NDVI的平滑作用非常显著,但两种重采样方法对原始数据的粗粒化作用机制不同;② 基于不同遥感数据源获得的NDVI数据之间空间格局差异明显,而且传统统计结果与地统计学结果明显不同,说明空间信息对数据间的差异性统计影响显著;③ NDVI空间变异性呈现显著的各向异性,并表现出对遥感数据源的敏感性。     

远震接收函数方法及其在海域岛礁区地壳结构研究中的应用

远震接收函数方法从远震P波波形中提取出台站下方主要速度间断面的信息,是研究地壳、上地幔结构的有效方法。该方法通过拟合转换波波形来约束间断面深度和横波速度。传统的接收函数线性反演方法强烈依赖于初始模型的选取,其反演结果存在较大的不确定性,为此新的基于非线性的反演方法逐渐发展起来,另外,接收函数与面波联合反演以及S波接收函数方法的提出也在一定程度上降低了反演结果的非唯一性。接收函数方法在大陆区地壳结构的研究中得到了广泛运用,但对于海区和岛礁区的研究却非常缺乏,本文回顾了国内外一些岛礁区的接收函数研究实例,介绍了西沙群岛琛航岛的天然地震观测及其结果,探讨了接收函数方法在岛礁区地壳结构研究中的应用前景。     

2010年南海北部海陆联测项目简介及初步成果

南海北部海陆联合深地震探测项目通过海陆联测研究南海北部海陆过渡带的深部地壳结构特征,揭示滨海断裂带在该区的空间方位特征及构造属性,进而分析其对该区大地震的控制作用并对发震构造进行讨论。海陆联测共完成2条测线,分别位于珠江口和阳江区域,获得了高质量的数据,为下一步进行海陆过渡带地壳结构反演和滨海断裂带构造特征研究奠定了良好基础。     

过去30年气候变化对黄河源区水源涵养量的影响

黄河源区高寒生态系统具有重要的水源涵养功能。基于改进的LPJ动态植被模型,模拟研究1981-2010年中国黄河源区水源涵养量的时空变化特征,进一步探讨气候要素变化的影响。结果表明：近30年来黄河源区水源涵养量整体略呈减少趋势,减少速率为-1.15 mm/a,区域差异特征体现为大部分地区以减少趋势为主,特别是黄河源区东南部。过去30年黄河源区降水量以及大气水分需求能力的变化是影响生态系统水源涵养量增减的主要气候因素。随着干湿条件不同,两者影响程度各异,降水减少和潜在蒸散增加共同导致黄河源区东南部半湿润地区水源涵养量减少,而降水增加则是北部半干旱地区水源涵养量增加的主要原因。     

近30年中国中东部地区植物分布变化

在全球气候变暖背景下,某些植物分布范围会发生明显变化。但已有研究尚未对中国中东部地区近30年来的植物分布变化进行系统总结。采用荟萃分析方法（meta-analysis）,通过搜集已发表文献中关于植物引种、植被和物种分布及其变化等数据资料,得到近15年119个植物物种的251条分布变化证据,经与《中国木本植物分布图集》中记载的原分布记录（约20世纪80年代至90年代）对比,统计了不同物种的分布范围变化,并分析了变化原因。结果表明：近30年来,统计物种中80%在水平地带上发生北移,平均移动值约为3.37°;中东部地区植物分布响应气候变化的区域集中在北亚热带常绿阔叶林—暖温带落叶阔叶林过渡带以及中温带针阔叶混交林过渡带。分析发现20世纪50年代以来中国绝大多数地区有显著的增温趋势,升温导致温暖指数（Warmth Index）增加,满足植物生长的热量需求,是植物北移的重要原因。     

中国南方调整水稻种植格局——一种水稻生产预先适应气候变化的选择(英文)

Rice planted in southern China accounts for 94% of the total in sown acreage and 88% of the total in production, which matters a lot to Chinese food security. However, due to the prolonged conflict between water availability and rice growth in spatial/temporal distribu-tion, rice production suffers from seasonal drought at acreage of 16%-22%, which compro-mises food production capacity and food security. Focusing on the spatial distribution of seasonal drought with rice and the practices to adapt to it, and based on an analysis of bal-anced water supply for and demand by rice at a growing season scale during 1981-2030, this paper assesses the changing seasonal drought in the process of rice production under the changing climate in the future, and identifies general rice re-cultivation options for climate change adaptation. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Rice suggests a decline in seasonal drought, with early season rice (early rice hereafter) by 12,500 km2, middle season rice (middle rice) by 80,000 km2, and in particular late season rice (late rice) by 25,000 km2, which accounts for almost 20% of its cultivated acreage. It is indicated that due to climate change, seasonal drought in major rice producing areas tends to alleviate in general, late season rice in particular. (2) Future climate change brings about a significant impact on the spatial/temporal distribution of water resources in rice producing areas in China. Based on ’pre-designed’ adaptation actions for rice-re-cultivation, the rice cultivation pattern undergoes a significant alteration between 1981-2000 and 2001-2030. In eastern Guizhou and western Hunan, the pattern of single early plus single dry farming is changed into double cropping. In eastern Hunan, the pattern of dry cropping is changed into single early plus single dry farming. In northern Anhui, the pattern of dry farming cropping is changed into middle rice. All this is aimed at a potential adequate availability of water for rice production in the future. (3) Rice re-cultivation patterns developed in this paper help re-balance water demand and supply for rice growth using the spatial analysis tool to adapt rice growth to the changing water avail-ability from spatial perspective, and come up with rice producer-friendly re-cultivation options in response to climate change.     

生态建设背景下三江源自然保护区生态系统服务价值变化

青海三江源是我国淡水资源的重要补给地,也是全国生态保护和建设工程的重点实施区域,对其开展生态恢复过程的生态系统服务价值变化研究,有利于揭示生态保护和建设工程的实施效果。在构建三江源生态系统服务价值评估指标体系的基础上,选择生态工程前后两个时间段(2000年和2008年),采用物质量和价值量相结合的方法对三江源自然保护区生态系统服务价值进行了评估和对比分析,结果表明:2000—2008年保护区生态系统服务总价值呈现明显的增长趋势,8 a间一共增加1.68×1010元。保护区草地生态系统的整体质量状况大幅度提升,生态系统服务价值增加48.69%,是由生态建设和气候因子变化共同作用的结果;森林生态系统服务价值增加12.71%,主要跟森林区域水热条件的改善有关;水体与湿地生态系统服务价值在8 a间减少56.08%,关键是由区域气温升高和降水量减少所致,而非人为因素的影响;2000—2008年间,保护区人口数量增加了26.08%,较高的人口增长压力促使大量的草地被开垦为农田,导致农田面积增加392.52%,从而引起农田生态系统服务价值大幅波动。     

Spatial and temporal changes in flooding and the affecting factors in China

Spatial and temporal changes in flood events in China are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid climate warming that is occurring. This study was conducted to consider changes in flood events and the factors affecting such changes. To accomplish this, China was divided into natural and social-economic flood regions: north China, northwest China, northeast China, southwest China, central China, east China, south China, and Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. Spatial and temporal changes in flood patterns were rebuilt during 1980?C2009, and Fast Fourier Transform Filtering was then employed to stimulate the changes in floods during this period. The factors affecting flooding were then analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that, based on the time series for China as a whole, flooding was more serious during 1990?C1999 than 1980?C1989 and 2000?C2009. However, in different regions, the trends in flooding differed greatly. Based on spatial changes, the areas hardest hit by floods were northeast China in the 1980s, northeast China, central China and east China in the 1990s, and central China after 2000. In China, the main flood-affecting factors were meteorological, ecological, population, water conservation facilities, and policy factors. However, the main affecting factors differed by region. Overall, the complex spatial and temporal features of flood variations and various affecting factors demand proper national and regional governmental action in the face of the changing flood patterns in China. The results of the present study provide valuable information to flood policymakers and flood disaster researchers.     

Soil indicators for eco-geographic regionalization: A case study in mid-temperate zone of eastern China

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality. In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization. However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches. Based on the second China’s national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization. The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils. With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed. By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions.     

中国生态地理区域系统区划

Eco-geographic regionalization has been one of the most important topics in China‘s regionalization researches since the end of the 20th century. It is a major ecosystem in geographic zonality. A hierarchical system, which is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality, is called eco-geographic regional system. This paper introduces process of China‘s regionalization development. The first level unit, temperature zone, is delineated with main criteria of temperature. The second level unit, humidity region, is based on criteria of water/moisture states. The third level unit, natural region, is divided according to medium geomorphologic units. Vegetation types and soils are applied as supplementary criteria to indicate temperature and water/moisture states. Mapping process from qualitative to quantitative and China‘s eco-geographic regional system are also explained in this paper.