Review of the Research of the 2011 MW9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake

On March 11, 2011, a M_W9.0 earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench, causing tremendous casualties, and attracting extensive concern. Based on the results of related research, this paper analyzes the observations, phenomena and understandings of the earthquake from varied aspects, and obtains four main conclusions. (1) The earthquake, occurring in the subduction zone in the Japan Trench located in the northwest boundary of the pacific plate has two zones of concentrated coseismic slip at different depths, and the slip in the deep zone is relatively small. Though there have been many M7.0 historical earthquakes, slips in the shallow zone are large, but there have been few historical strong earthquakes. (2) Constrained by GPS data, the study of fault movement shows that fault movement in the Japan Trench has a background of widely distributed stability and locking (the locking zone is equivalent that of coseismic rupture zone). Perturbation occurred after the 2008 M8.0 Hokkaido earthquake, several M7.0 events had after slips larger than the coseismic slip, and two obvious slow slip events were recorded in 2008 and 2011. Eventually, the March 9, 2011 M7.0 foreshock and the March 11, 2011 M_W9.0 mainshock occurred. The pre-earthquake changing of the fault movement in the Japan Trench is quite clear. (3) Traditional precursory observation show no obvious anomaly, possibly due to monitoring reason. Anomaly before earthquake consists of high stress state in focal zone reflected by some seismic activity parameters, short period anomaly in regional ground motion, etc. (4) The analysis of physical property in focal zone aroused more scientific issues, for example, is there obvious difference between physical property in focal zone and its vicinity? Does frictional property of fault determine seismogenic ability and rupture process? Whether pre-earthquake fault movement include pre-slips? Could deep fluid affect fault movement in focal zone? Experience is the best teacher, and authors hope this paper could be a modest spur to induce others in basic research in earthquake forecast and prediction.     

冬奥会保障项目地电阻率台站防雷技术系统设计关键技术

雷电危害是影响地震台站稳定运行的重要因素之一,对台站进行雷电防护具有重要意义。介绍冬奥会保障项目地电阻率台站改造中避雷系统的设计,并重点分析研究地电阻率台站架空线路防雷、地埋线路防雷等关键技术点出现的问题,探讨地电阻率台站综合防雷系统在接地网、供电、综合布线等方面的整体设计,最后设计完成宝昌台防雷技术系统。在此基础上,完成项目全部8个台站的避雷系统方案设计,全面提升冬奥会项目台站的防雷实效。通过计算,在项目深化研究中得到一些新的技术成果:(1)地电阻率台站应尽量将供电及测量线路进行埋地;(2)埋地供电及测量线路应避开接地体10 m以上;(3)仍采用架空线路的台站可以安装相应电流值的信号防雷器。研究成果可供今后全国台站防雷系统建设时参考。     

中国现代产业体系四位协同的地区差异及动态演进

构建实体经济-科技创新-现代金融-人力资源等四位协同指标体系,基于2001~2015年省级面板数据,对中国现代产业体系四位协同度进行系统测度。分析四位协同度的地区差距,对其动态演进过程进行科学预测。研究发现：① 中国现代产业体系四位协同度呈波动性上升态势,其中东部地区四位协同度最高、中部次之、西部最低。② 现代产业体系四位协同度区域相对差距与绝对差距均呈扩大趋势,东部地区内差异与东-西部地区间差异均最大,其中超变密度差距是区域间差距主要来源。③ 现代产业体系四位协同度演进方式表现为邻近演进,低水平阶段向更高水平阶段跃升概率增大,整体向更高阶段发展。     

基于模糊隶属度的雷电危险度等级评定

利用2013—2017年青海省西宁市测站半径10 km的闪电定位监测数据,选取地域范围一小时内的地闪数目和一小时内的最大雷电流幅值作为雷电危险度因子。确定因子分级的上下限和因子区间划分,计算出单因子雷电危险度等级的隶属度与权重。采用梯形分布函数和模糊统计方法确定雷电危险度因子的隶属度函数,根据隶属度函数得出模糊矩阵,并进行模糊矩阵复合运算,求出雷电危险度综合指数,得出雷电危险度等级。结果表明：根据建立的模糊综合评判方法能够全面、客观、准确地反映一次闪电过程的危险度状况,有效评定雷电危险度等级,评定结果较为客观地反映了雷击事件的实际状况,从而为气象防灾减灾、雷电灾害调查和雷击风险评估等业务提供科学性的决策服务和参考依据。     

甘肃瓜州锁阳城南雅丹地貌区起沙风况与输沙势特征

以2016-2018年定位气象观测数据为依据,分析了甘肃瓜州锁阳城南雅丹地貌区的起沙风况及输沙势变化情况。结果表明:(1)研究区起沙风由两组风向近似相反的风所组成,主风向为NE-E,占全年起沙风的68.86%,次风向为WSW-WNW向,占27.67%;(2)年平均起沙风频率为19.0%,春季和夏季起沙风频率最高,分别占全年的33.57%和34.69%,各季起沙风向分布特征基本一致;(3)研究区风况类型为高风能环境和中等风向变率的钝双峰型风况。输沙势的大小和方向变率具有明显的季节性,春、夏季的总输沙势(DP)和合成输沙势(RDP)较高,夏季和冬季的方向变率RDP/DP值较高,合成输沙方向(RDD)245.45°~253.01°(WSW);(4)研究区雅丹地貌长轴走向与主输沙方向一致,说明风力是其形成的主要动力条件。     

The local properties of supernova explosions and their host galaxies

We aim to understand the properties at the locations of supernova(SN) explosions in their host galaxies and compare with the global properties of these host galaxies. We use the integral field spectrograph(IFS) of Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory(MaNGA) to generate 2 D maps of the parameter properties for 11 SN host galaxies. The sample galaxies are analyzed one by one in detail in terms of their properties of velocity field, star formation rate, oxygen abundance, stellar mass, etc.This sample of SN host galaxies has redshifts around z~0.03, which is higher than those of previous related works. The higher redshift distribution allows us to obtain the properties of more distant SN host galaxies. Metallicity(gas-phase oxygen abundance) estimated from integrated spectra can represent the local metallicity at SN explosion sites with small bias. All the host galaxies in our sample are metal-rich galaxies(12+log(O/H) 8.5) except for NGC 6387, which means SNe may be more inclined to explode in metallicity-rich galaxies. There is a positive relation between global gas-phase oxygen abundance and the stellar mass of host galaxies. We also try to compare the differences of the host galaxies between SNe Ia and SNe II. In our sample, both SNe Ia and SNe II can explode in normal galaxies, but SNe II can also explode in an interacting or a merging system, in which star formation is occurring in the galaxy.     

Variation of physical properties across the green valley for local galaxies

We selected a sample of nearby galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7(SDSS DR7) to investigate the variation of physical properties from the blue cloud to green valley to red sequence.The sample is limited to a narrow range in the color-stellar mass diagram. After splitting green valley galaxies into two parts—a bluer green valley(green 1) and a redder one(green 2) and three stellar mass bins,we investigate the variation of physical properties across the green valley region. Our main results are as follows:(i) The percentages of pure bulge and bulge-dominated/elliptical galaxies increase gradually from blue cloud to red sequence while the percentages of pure disk and disk-dominated/spiral galaxies decrease gradually in all stellar mass bins and different environments.(ii) With the analysis of morphological and structural parameters(e.g., concentration(C) and the stellar mass surface density within the central 1 kpc(Σ1)), red galaxies show more luminous and compact cores than both green valley and blue galaxies, while blue galaxies show the opposite behavior in all stellar mass bins.(iii) A strong negative(positive) relationship between bulge-to-total light ratio(B/T) and specific star formation rate(sSFR)(D_(4000)) is found from blue to red galaxies. Our results indicate that the growth in bulge plays an important role when the galaxies change from the blue cloud, to the green valley and to the red sequence.     

三维激光点云联合无人机影像的古建筑重建

古建筑保护是当下测绘领域的热点研究课题,非接触测量是克服传统方法数字化不足、容易造成"二次破坏"的有力举措。本文以哈尔滨红霞街99号外侨私邸为例,提出了一种将三维激光扫描技术和无人机航测技术相结合进行古建筑重建的研究方案。基于三维激光扫描仪和无人机获取的古建筑内外点云数据和影像数据,利用点云数据生成正射影像并绘制平、立、剖面图,创建三维模型,最后以实地量取的建筑物尺寸数据为参考分析得出图纸和模型误差。结果表明：利用三维激光点云联合无人机影像能够高效地进行建筑图纸恢复,创建高精度精细化的三维模型,为古建筑保护提供了一种全新的思路。     

Quantifying annual land-cover change and vegetation greenness variation in a coastal ecosystem using dense time-series Landsat data

Land-cover change may affect water and carbon cycles when transitioning from one land-cover category to another (land-cover conversion, LCC) or when the characteristics of the land-cover type are altered without changing its overall category (land-cover modification, LCM). Given the increasing availability of time-series remotely sensed data for earth monitoring, there has been increased recognition of the importance of accounting for both LCC and LCM to study annual land-cover changes. In this study, we integrated 1,513 time-series Landsat images and a change-updating method to identify annual LCC and LCM during 1986–2015 in the coastal area of Zhejiang Province, China. The purpose was to quantify their contributions to land-cover changes and impacts on the amount of vegetation. The results show that LCC and LCM can be successfully distinguished with an overall accuracy of 90.0%. LCM accounted for 22% and 40.5% of the detected land-cover changes in reclaimed and inland areas, respectively, during 1986–2015. In the reclaimed area, LCC occurred mostly in muddy tidal flats, construction land, aquaculture ponds, and freshwater herbaceous land, whereas LCM occurred mostly in freshwater herbaceous land, Spartina alterniflora, and muddy tidal flats. In the inland area, both LCC and LCM were concentrated in forest and dryland. Overall, LCC had a mean magnitude of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) change similar to that of LCM. However, LCC had a positive effect and LCM had a negative effect on NDVI change in the reclaimed area. Both LCC and LCM in the inland area had negative impacts on vegetation greenness, but LCC resulted in larger NDVI change magnitude. Impacts of LCC and LCM on vegetation greenness were quantified for each land-cover type. This study provided a methodological framework to take both LCC and LCM into account when analyzing land-cover changes and quantified their effects on coastal ecosystem vegetation.     

引入城市公共设施要素的人口数据空间化方法研究

精细尺度的人口分布是当前人口地理学研究的热点和难点,其在灾害评估、资源配置、智慧城市建设等方面应用广泛。城区是人口分布集中的区域,揭示该区域人口分布差异是精细尺度人口空间化研究的核心内容。本研究基于城市公共设施要素点位数据,对居住建筑斑块进行分类,以社区作为人口数据空间化转换尺度,构建各类别斑块面积与人口数量的多元回归模型,生成了宣州城区居住建筑尺度的人口空间数据,揭示了研究区人口空间分布差异。结果表明：① 该方法生成的人口空间数据精度较高,结果可信。779个居住建筑斑块中,估算人数在合理区内的斑块个数占比为35.4%,相对误差在-20%~20%范围内的斑块个数比例之和为61.2%;城东社区、思佳社区作为精度验证单元,其人数估算的相对误差绝对值低于9%;② 城市公共设施要素数据,尤其是中小学及幼儿园、菜市场及水果店,是建筑物尺度上人口分布的指示性因素,其对多层居住建筑人数的估算精度较高,但对中高层居住建筑人数的估算精度偏低。