地下河系统水动态监测网络优化对比分析:以桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统为例

基于我国南方地区岩溶发育极不均匀、水位水质动态变化快的特点,通过对信息熵法和防污性能法所得结果的对比,分析在缺少系列监测资料条件下,利用岩溶水系统防污性能评价结果快速布设地下河系统水动态监测网的可行性及其布设原则。根据防污性能评价结果,结合水循环特征,桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统水动态监测网需由17个监测站组成;采用信息熵法对现有35个监测站进行优化后,认为只需要12个监测站就可组成最优监测网,但这12个监测站点与采用防污性能评价法得到的点位完全重合,且均位于防污性能差的地区。对比分析认为,以地下水系统防污性能评价结果布设地下水动态监测网是可行性的,因为岩溶发育区既是防污性能差的地区,也是地下水动态变化快的地区,能充分反映地下河系统水质水量变化。采用防污性能评价法布设地下水动态监测网时,需要充分认识和了解地下河系统水文地质条件和地下河管道结构特征,且需要遵循以下原则:(1)在岩溶发育相对较弱的系统中部(基本上不存在防污性能差的地区)不设置监测站点;(2)在距离地下河出口较近的岩溶发育区内(即防污性能差的地区)监测站点可由地下河出口替代;(3)对于多支管道系统,岩溶发育相对较弱且距离较短的小型支管道上可以不布设监测站,由支管道与主管道交汇处的监测站代替。     

南北两极海冰的涛动关系

本文将南极海冰分为４个区：ＳＰＩ１（０°－１２０°Ｅ），东南极海冰；ＳＰＩ２（１２０°Ｅ－１２０°Ｗ），以罗斯海为主体的海冰区；ＳＰＩ３（１２０°Ｗ－０°），以威德尔海为主体的海冰区；ＳＰＩ４，全南极海冰区。北极海冰区分为３个区：ＮＰＩ１（９０°Ｅ－１８０°－９０°Ｗ），太平洋侧冰区；ＮＰＩ２（９０°Ｗ－０°－９０°Ｅ），大西洋侧冰区；ＮＰＩ３，全北极冰区。本文使用了ＷＤＣ－Ａ的ＳＩＧＲＩＤ海冰资料，以分析南极和北极各冰区之间的相互关系。发现两极各冰区之间存在着非常复杂的相互作用。其中最突出的特征是：两极海冰之间相互作用的振源是ＮＰＩ２。ＳＰＩ３是影响南极海冰的正反馈中心。ＳＰＩ２则是南北两极海冰的负反馈中心。ＮＰＩ２，ＳＰＩ３和ＳＰＩ２之间的相互作用最强，形成涛动关系。这种涛动关系不是同时期的，而是有较长的滞后时间差。两极海冰形成周期变化，其周期为５－６年，正与ＮＰＩ２和ＳＰＩ３自身变化周期一致。另外还有更长的循环周期９－１１年     

Assessing the impact of climate variability and human activities on streamflow from the Wuding River basin in China

Located in the Loess Plateau of China, the Wuding River basin (30 261 km²) contributes significantly to the total sediment yield in the Yellow River. To reduce sediment yield from the catchment, large-scale soil conservation measures have been implemented in the last four decades. These included building terraces and sediment-trapping dams and changing land cover by planting trees and improving pastures. It is important to assess the impact of these measures on the hydrology of the catchment and to provide a scientific basis for future soil conservation planning. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall–Sneyers rank test was employed to detect trends and changes in annual streamflow for the period of 1961 to 1997. Two methods were used to assess the impact of climate variability on mean annual streamflow. The first is based on a framework describing the sensitivity of annual streamflow to precipitation and potential evaporation, and the second relies on relationships between annual streamflow and precipitation. The two methods produced consistent results. A significant downward trend was found for annual streamflow, and an abrupt change occurred in 1972. The reduction in annual streamflow between 1972 and 1997 was 42% compared with the baseline period (1961–1971). Flood-season streamflow showed an even greater reduction of 49%. The streamflow regime of the catchment showed a relative reduction of 31% for most percentile flows, except for low flows, which showed a 57% reduction. The soil conservation measures reduced streamflow variability, leading to more uniform streamflow. It was estimated that the soil conservation measures account for 87% of the total reduction in mean annual streamflow in the period of 1972 to 1997, and the reduction due to changes in precipitation and potential evaporation was 13%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The disappearance of eclipses in the central star of the planetary nebula NGC 2346

This paper gives the result of photographic photography of the central star AGK3-0° 695 of the planetary nebula NGC 2346 made from 1981 through 1987. From it we see that after the large-amplitude eclipses which had started at the end of 1981 had continued for several years, the amplitude began to decrease rapidly in 1986 to ˜1.1 mag from ˜4 mag in 1984. In 1987, only irregular fluctuations with amplitudes ˜0.4 mag were present in the light curve and not longer any clear periodicity. A preliminary analysis of this phenomenon is carried out here.     

Excessive greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants by using the chemical oxygen demand standard

Chemical oxygen demand(COD)is widely used as an organic pollution indicator in wastewater treatment plants.Large amounts of organic matter are removed during treatment processes to meet environmental standards,and consequently,substantial greenhouse gases(GHGs)such as methane(CH₄)are released.However,the COD indicator covers a great amount of refractory organic matter that is not a pollutant and could be a potential carbon sink.Here,we collected and analysed COD data from 86 worldwide municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)and applied a model published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to estimate the emission of CH₄ due to recalcitrant organic compound processing in China’s municipal wastewater treatment systems.Our results showed that the average contribution of refractory COD to total COD removal was55%in 86 WWTPs.The amount of CH₄ released from the treatment of recalcitrant organic matter in 2018 could have been as high as 38.22 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent,which amounts to the annual carbon sequestered by China’s wetlands.This suggests that the use of COD as an indicator for organic pollution is undue and needs to be revised to reduce the emission of GHG.In fact,leaving nontoxic recalcitrant organic matter in the wastewater may create a significant carbon sink and will save energy during the treatment process,aiming at carbon neutrality in the wastewater treatment industry.     

双卫星导航系统相位平滑伪距在车载定位中的应用

多卫星导航系统组合伪距差分定位可有效提升低成本车载单频设备精度。首先对伪距差分定位原理和数学模型进行阐述和推导,提出了一种适用于单频的窗口化相位平滑伪距定位技术。针对单卫星导航系统在遮挡等环境下观测卫星少,卫星结构不稳定的情况,在统一多系统的时空基准基础上,选取一颗共同参考星,进行伪距差分定位。使用一组实测的多卫星导航系统单频卫星数据进行实验论证,结果表明:车载多卫星导航系统相位平滑伪距平面精度优于0.2m,高程优于0.7m,对亚米级北斗系统高精度应用具有实际工程应用意义。     

南海大气温室效应纬向地带性的遥感观测

本文选取位于入射太阳辐射能量峰值所在的绿光通道(MODIS卫星4通道), 以及位于可太阳耀光探测长波辐射区间的中红外通道(MODIS卫星21通道)为观测窗口对, 遥感测量2000~2010年间南海研究区和东海对照区内, 不同纬度带的大气典型短波与长波通道的太阳耀光辐射比参数(引入晴空辐射平衡的描述性指标CSRR, 即Calibrated Sunglint Radiation Ratio)时间序列。 据此大气双程透射率比及太阳分谱辐照度比的相关函数CSRR, 了解南海大气温室效应纬向地带性的演变特征。经验模态分解方法分析结果表明, 南海的大气温室效应包含3个相对重要的分量:1)由低纬往中纬逐渐增大的, 受具有明显纬向地带性的水汽大储库与纬向地带性较弱的CO2小储库联合影响的长期变化趋势; 2)受 CO2、CH4、O3和气溶胶共同调控的准十年尺度分量; 3)从低纬往中纬逐渐由双峰转变为单峰分布的年尺度分量。由此可见, 关于地球-大气系统辐射平衡物理学参数地带性分布规律的观测, 有助于理解从辐射强迫到温度变化的气候响应机制, 对如何筛选简洁合理的第四纪气候评估模型具有参考价值。     

南宋德寿宫出土中华拟蟹守螺(Cerithidae sinensis)研究报告

2020年,杭州市文物考古研究所对德寿宫遗址考古发掘时,在GJCT2111探方内,从南宋早、中期文化层堆积物中（距今700多年前）,清理出丰富的中华拟蟹守螺（Cerithidae sinensis）标本。中华拟蟹守螺最小个体数（MNI）达8728件。绝大多数标本整体形态保存较好,仅在壳顶、壳口或螺旋部有微弱破损。该类标本属于中腹足目（Mesogastropoda）中的较小类型,有6~9个螺层。壳高大于25 mm的约占总数21%,壳高介于20~25 mm区间的约占总数55%,壳高小于20 mm的约占总数24%。中华拟蟹守螺主要生活于有淡水汇入的近海红树林潮间带水域,杭州市附近并非该种动物原产地。杭州市临海海岸线中华拟蟹守螺的分布,距离杭州市约100 km之外,并且是在现代人工引种红树林以后才出现的。而德寿宫遗址里的中华拟蟹守螺标本,是出土于距今700多年前的南宋文化层中。其出土位置为皇宫餐厨遗迹,出土地层具有餐厨垃圾特点。结合南宋时期皇宫内食用贝类海鲜产品的历史资料,该批标本应该是在沿海地区捕捞后,输送给南宋皇宫中的海鲜产品。该批中华拟蟹守螺标本,是中国古代皇室食用拟蟹守螺属（Cerithidae）海产品的第一次发现。对研究中国南宋皇宫饮食习俗有一定意义,同时,也反映出南宋皇室对海鲜产品的偏爱和生活奢靡现象。

     

A combined survey to evaluate the thermal behavior of loess for a landslide-prone slope on the Heifangtai terrace in Northwest China

A combined survey including infrared thermography (IRT) and field-laboratory tests were conducted to analyze the thermal responses and thermal properties of loe...     

Estimation of groundwater use by crop production simulated by DSSAT‐wheat and DSSAT‐maize models in the piedmont region of the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is in serious crisis in the piedmont region of the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain, owing to rapid groundwater drawdown. Estimating the water requirement for agriculture, the biggest user of groundwater, will be helpful in understanding groundwater decline. Through the use of DSSAT‐3·5 wheat and maize models, we assessed water use in winter wheat and maize, two staple crops in the region, in 1987–2001. Trends between groundwater change and simulated agricultural water use were compared. The results showed that groundwater decline was sensitive to simulated crop water requirement and irrigation requirement. According to regression analysis, 100 mm of water requirement by cultivated land (mainly wheat and maize) resulted in about 0·64 m of groundwater decline. This relationship might be useful in understanding the regional water balance and to help decision‐makers control groundwater decline through controlling crop water use or through long‐distance water transfer. The study demonstrated the usefulness of using the DSSAT model for estimating crop water use and the effectiveness of clarifying the reason for groundwater decline using the simulation results of water use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.