基于RTK-GPS技术的干热河谷冲沟沟头形态特征

采用高精度实时动态差分GPS(以下简称RTK-GPS)技术对干热河谷冲沟进行野外调查,获取36个不同活跃度类型沟头的形态参数,研究不同活跃度类型之间沟头的形态特征差异,并分析集水区、沟床植被盖度与形态特征之间的关系。结果表明:1.沟头不同活跃度类型之间,其跌坎高差、沟床比降差异最为显著,可作为沟头活跃度类型野外判别的主要参考指标;沟壁坡度、宽-深比等的差异较为显著,亦可在一定程度上表征沟头活跃程度。2.沟床植被盖度与各形态特征参数的相关性显著,表明沟床植被盖度可作为形态参数的综合替代性指标。同一活跃度类型的沟头,其跌坎高差、沟床比降等与沟床植被盖度呈极显著负相关关系,说明随着沟床植被盖度的增加(或减小),跌坎高差、沟床比降均呈减小(或增加)趋势。3.集水区植被盖度与各形态特征参数的关系不显著,表明干热河谷集水区植被盖度对沟头发育的贡献有限。     

新型扩散云室搭建及其对黄山地区大气冰核的观测研究

本研究利用自行搭建的大气冰核高压静电采样器和静力真空水汽扩散云室,并结合其他大气冰核及气象要素观测仪器,于2011年5～9月及2012年9～10月在黄山三层不同高度上同时进行大气冰核及相关气象要素的连续观测。结果显示:黄山地区总冰核数浓度平均为18.74 L-1,凝结冻结核化冰核数浓度平均为0.79 L-1,凝华核化冰核数浓度平均为0.19 L-1。黄山地区冰核数浓度,随着高度的增加而减小;且存在春季较高、秋季居中、夏季较少的季节变化规律;下午达到一天中的最高值,夜晚达到一天中的最低值;总冰核数浓度较北方少。黄山山顶冰核数浓度随活化温度的升高而减小,随过饱和度的升高而增大,随风速的增强而增大,长期主要由西南风向山顶的输送,且其主要由大粒子来充当。     

南海珊瑚环礁开放程度模型构建研究

南海环礁发育过程中形成了开放程度不同的环礁类型,依据环礁不同地貌部位的几何因子作为反映环礁开放程度的指标可以定量划分环礁开放程度类型。如果将澙湖潮汐通道作为环礁地貌结构要素用来反映环礁开放程度,则潮汐通道可以成为新的度量因子。利用高分辨率遥感影像结合GIS技术,以澙湖潮汐通道的几何参数为主构建反映环礁开放程度的模型,结果表明,以口门宽度与礁体中轴线长度之比为指标建立的经验式,可用来划分环礁开放程度类型,封闭型环礁的开放度为0,准封闭型环礁的开放度为0~0.06,半开放型环礁的开放度为0.06~0.25,开放型岛礁的开放度为0.25~1。因此,采用这一量化表达式反映南海环礁的开放程度类型,可为珊瑚环礁的开放程度发育规律研究提供科学工具。     

我国西部1:50000地图新产品设计与表达技术

西部测图工程以"丰富产品种类,拓展服务领域"为设计宗旨,力求地图新产品开发,在传统4D产品的基础上,根据西部地物地貌特征补充了地形图要素内容,开发研制了影像地图、晕渲地形图新产品。本文针对原有地形图在表达西部地物地貌特征方面的不足,介绍了西部测图工程中地图新产品的内容设计与制图表达,包括地形图要素扩充内容与制图表达、影像地图产品内容设计与制图表达、晕渲地形图产品内容设计与制图表达等技术内容。地图新产品设计与表达技术已应用在西部测图中,指导生产了我国西部首批1:50000地形图、影像地图和晕渲地形图产品,丰富了我国基本比例尺地形图产品种类。     

海岛礁光学和雷达影像基于改进非子采样小波变换的自动配准

Homologous feature point extraction is a key problem in the optical and synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image registration for islands. A new feature point extraction method using a threshold shrink operator and non-subsampled wavelet transform （TSO-NSWT） for optical and SAR image registration was proposed. Moreover, the matching for this proposed feature was different from the traditional feature matching strategies and was performed using a similarity measure computed from neighborhood circles in low-frequency bands. Then, a number of reliably matched couples with even distributions were obtained, which assured the accuracy of the registration. Application of the proposed algorithm to SPOT-5 （multi-spectral） and YG-1 （SAR） images showed that a large number of accurately matched couples could be identified. Additionally, both of the root mean square error （RMSE） patterns of the registration parameters computed based on the TSO-NSWT algorithm and traditional NSWT algorithm were analyzed and compared, which further demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm can supply the crucial step for island image registration and island recognition.     

基于阈值区间的海洋锋面提取模型

A model （Bayesian oceanic front detection, BOFD） of sea surface temperature （SST） front detection in satel- lite-derived SST images based on a threshold interval is presented, to be used in different applications such as climatic and environmental studies or fisheries. The model first computes the SST gradient by using a Sobel algorithm template. On the basis of the gradient value, the threshold interval is determined by a gradi- ent cumulative histogram. According to this threshold interval, front candidates can be acquired and prior probability and likelihood can be calculated. Whether or not the candidates are front points can be deter- mined by using the Bayesian decision theory. The model is evaluated on the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer images of part of the Kuroshio front region. Results are compared with those obtained by using several SST front detection methods proposed in the literature. This comparison shows that the BOFD not only suppresses noise and small-scale fronts, but also retains continuous fronts.     

基于卫星高度计的北极海冰厚度变化研究

A modified algorithm taking into account the first year(FY) and multiyear(MY) ice densities is used to derive a sea ice thickness from freeboard measurements acquired by satellite altimetry ICESat(2003–2008). Estimates agree with various independent in situ measurements within 0.21 m. Both the fall and winter campaigns see a dramatic extent retreat of thicker MY ice that survives at least one summer melting season. There were strong seasonal and interannual variabilities with regard to the mean thickness. Seasonal increases of 0.53 m for FY the ice and 0.29 m for the MY ice between the autumn and the winter ICESat campaigns, roughly 4–5 month separation, were found. Interannually, the significant MY ice thickness declines over the consecutive four ICESat winter campaigns(2005–2008) leads to a pronounced thickness drop of 0.8 m in MY sea ice zones. No clear trend was identified from the averaged thickness of thinner, FY ice that emerges in autumn and winter and melts in summer. Uncertainty estimates for our calculated thickness, caused by the standard deviations of multiple input parameters including freeboard, ice density, snow density, snow depth, show large errors more than 0.5 m in thicker MY ice zones and relatively small standard deviations under 0.5 m elsewhere. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is implemented to determine the separate impact on the thickness estimate in the dependence of an individual input variable as mentioned above. The results show systematic bias of the estimated ice thickness appears to be mainly caused by the variations of freeboard as well as the ice density whereas the snow density and depth brings about relatively insignificant errors.     

基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子技术联用的浮游藻化学分类学技术研究

An in vivo three-dimensional fluorescence method for the determination of algae community structure was developed by parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) and CHEMTAX. The PARAFAC model was applied to fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) of 60 algae species belonging to five divisions and 11 fluorescent components were identified according to the residual sum of squares and specificity of the composition profiles of fluorescent. By the 11 fluorescent components, the algae species at different growth stages were classified correctly at the division level using Bayesian discriminant analysis(BDA). Then the reference fluorescent component ratio matrix was constructed for CHEMTAX, and the EEM–PARAFAC–CHEMTAX method was developed to differentiate algae taxonomic groups. The correct discrimination ratios(CDRs) when the fluorometric method was used for single-species samples were 100% at the division level, except for Bacillariophyta with a CDR of 95.6%. The CDRs for the mixtures were above 94.0% for the dominant algae species and above 87.0% for the subdominant algae species. However, the CDRs of the subdominant algae species were too low to be unreliable when the relative abundance estimated was less than 15.0%. The fluorometric method was tested using the samples from the Jiaozhou Bay and the mesocosm experiments in the Xiaomai Island Bay in August 2007. The discrimination results of the dominant algae groups agreed with microscopy cell counts, as well as the subdominant algae groups of which the estimated relative abundance was above 15.0%. This technique would be of great aid when low-cost and rapid analysis is needed for samples in a large batch. The fluorometric technique has the ability to correctly identify dominant species with proper abundance both in vivo and in situ.     

广西北仑河口红树林保护区表层海水溶解态重金属时空分布及其影响因素

根据2013年5月(春季)和8月(夏季)对广西北仑河口红树林保护区的现场调查监测数据,研究了表层海水中溶解态重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的时空分布特征,探讨了其影响因素,并对其污染水平进行了评价。结果表明,表层海水各溶解态重金属的浓度、空间波动程度在春、夏季均存在一定的差异;Hg的污染明显超过国家一类海水水质标准,且夏季污染水平高于春季。Cu-Zn、Cu-Cd、Zn-Pb、Zn-Cd之间存在显著正相关,春、夏季As以及夏季Cr分别与盐度之间呈显著正相关,其他重金属与盐度之间无显著相关性。各重金属的时空分布主要受到陆源输入、沿岸江河冲淡水和海水盐度变化等因素的影响。