Nutrient composition and distributions in coastal waters impacted by the Changjiang plume

Four cruises were conducted during 2002--2003 in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent coastal areas. The data presented show a clear coast to open sea gradient in nutrients related to the river inputs. Maximum values of chlorophyll a were typically observed at intermediate salinities at surface water and coincided with non-conservative decreases in nutrients along the salinity gradient, indicating that removal of nutrients was related to phytoplankton uptake. The seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations were just opposite to those of chlorophyll a, indicating that the seasonal variations of nutrients were mainly controlled by phytoplankton uptake, whereas riverine inputs merely weakened or balanced its extent. During the estuarine mixing, phosphate demonstrated some remobilization during all the four cruises; whereas both conservative and non-conservative behaviors for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and silicate were observed in the study area, indicating that both biotic and abiotic events may affect their behaviors during the estuarine mixing. Under the influence of freshwater inputs with high value of ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, the estuarine and coastal waters impacted by the Changjiang plume were high （ 〉 30） in ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, but rates of primary production were apparently not constrained by any kind of nutrient elements. However, the low （ 〈 1 ） ratio of silicate to nitrogen in most of the study area might be linked with the rapidly increasing frequency of harmful algal bloom （HAB） incidents in recent years in the coastal waters impacted by the Changjiang plume.     

并行计算技术及其在勘探地球物理学中的现状与展望

本文详细阐述了并行计算技术及其在地球物理勘探数据处理中的发展现状和发展趋势,分析了几个代表性的并行算法实例.这些结果表明,在拥有强大的并行机的基础上,基于并行计算开发环境(MPI和PVM等)设计高效的并行算法,通过分配合理的并行粒度、通信开销、负载平衡等执行高效的并行计算,可以有效加快处理速度、降低成本.目前,并行算法在地震数据处理中应用已较为成熟,近年来向更实用的基于PC机群的并行技术发展.然而,在非地震方法中,并行算法应用较少见文献报道,研究尚处于初级研究阶段.在大地电磁的二维和三维正、反演问题上,并行计算技术逐渐得到越来越多关注和重视.随着资源和能源需求的增长,地球物理勘探向深度和广度快速发展,大幅增长的数据量使得高性能并行计算机和高效的并行算法在勘探地球物理学中的发展和应用将占据愈来愈重要的地位.     

基于多基站网络的VRS差分改正信息的方法分析

基于虚拟参考站VRS(Virtual Reference Stations)的GPS测量技术是近几年应用在网络RTK中的热门技术,文中首先介绍VRS的基本原理,然后利用站际星际二次差分技术,推导虚拟观测值,最后讨论研究虚拟参考站的双差改正数的内插算法。     

基于概率的地图实体匹配方法

数字地图合并是通过同名实体匹配和合并变换技术,调整相关地物实体的几何、属性等差异,实现同一地区不同来源地图数据的集成和融合。其中同名实体匹配是极为重要的第一步,也是一个存在大量不确定性的过程,匹配阈值的选取、实体非一对一的匹配关系是匹配中的关键难题,匹配效果不佳或出现错误匹配直接影响着后续合并结果的正确性。本文提出一种基于概率理论的匹配模型,该模型融合多种匹配指标,通过计算实体匹配概率大小来确定匹配实体。该方法避免了匹配指标精确阈值的选取,并且能够有效地解决匹配中非一对一的情况。     

华北地区库仑应力演化与强震活动关系

采用更加符合长期变形和震后短期变形的Burgers流变模型,模拟了华北地区1303年以来6.5级以上地震引起的同震和震后库仑应力演化.结合华北地区历史地震期幕活动特征,分析了不同活跃期之间、同一活跃期内不同地震之间的库仑应力加卸载效应.结果表明：华北地区不同活跃期的强震主体活动区受控于历史强震的库仑应力加载作用;每个活跃期内强震活动主体区在空间上的迁移与该活跃期内首个7.5级以上地震的触发作用有关;华北地区每个活跃期内强震活动在时间上表现出的"平静期—活跃警告期—高潮期—剩余释放期"应该是区域动力加载过程的一种表现.岩石圈流变松弛效应引起的库仑应力变化对华北地区强震活动时空演化有显著的促进作用.本研究讨论了库仑应力变化在华北地区历史地震活动时空演化过程中可能扮演的角色,为探索华北地区强震活动空间迁移和韵律特征蕴含的构造动力学过程,以及与之相关的地震危险性判定提供参考依据.     

兴都库什山及伊朗高原抬升对南亚季风-中亚干旱气候演化影响的模拟研究

新生代以来青藏高原大地形及其周围边缘地形的构造抬升对亚洲气候演化有着深远而复杂的影响。目前的气候代用指标表明南亚季风的开始可以追溯到始新世, 随后在早中新世和晚中新世经历了显著的加强过程。同时, 构造地质证据表明兴都库什山脉和伊朗高原的隆升可能开始于10~12 Ma。兴都库什山脉和伊朗高原作为南亚季风和中亚干旱区之间的天然地理屏障, 其对南亚季风和中亚干旱区气候演化和分异是否有一定的影响, 目前尚未可知。本研究利用高分辨率的大气环流模式系统性评估了兴都库什山脉和伊朗高原对南亚和中亚气候的影响。结果表明, 兴都库什和伊朗高原对南亚季风的加强和中亚干旱区降水的抑制均有贡献。相较而言, 兴都库什山脉对南亚季风的加强和向北扩张起主导作用。兴都库什山脉引起的南亚夏季降水增量达到兴都库什和伊朗高原共同作用的65.6 %。兴都库什山脉抬升后, 南亚地区15° N以北, 尤其是印度半岛中部和西北部夏季降水均显著增加, 阿拉伯海对流层低层的西南风和印度西北部偏南风显著加强。伊朗高原对中亚干旱区的干旱化作用更强, 并以冬季变化为主导。伊朗高原引起的中亚地区冬季降水减少量占兴都库什和伊朗高原共同作用的71.4 %。伊朗高原抬升后, 中亚地区冬季的盛行西风显著减弱, 从而导致降水显著减少。本研究的数值模拟试验表明, 地质记录揭示的南亚季风在晚中新世的加强可能与兴都库什山脉和伊朗高原在该阶段的抬升密切相关。

     

充填开采地表沉陷影响因素正交试验

为了研究煤层倾角、采宽、采厚、充填率在充填开采中对地表沉陷的敏感性,以山东某矿的采场条件为工程背景,基于正交试验原理,利用数值模拟软件(FLAC3D)进行计算,采用极差分析法与方差分析法分析各因素的敏感性,最后利用多元回归分析法建立了各因素与地表最大下沉值的函数关系式.研究结果表明:各因素对地表沉陷的敏感性由大到小为采...     

华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩中的微生物成因构造及其生烃潜力

华北地台中元古界主要由环潮坪石英砂岩、浅海碳酸盐岩和浅海—泻湖相暗色页岩3种沉积相组合构成,以陆表海浅水碳酸盐岩占主导。碳酸盐岩中除含有丰富的微古植物、宏观藻类和微生物建隆外,还发育大量的微生物成因构造(MISS)和微生物诱发的碳酸盐沉淀(MMCP)。微生物席和MISS构造在高于庄组上部(约1.6 Ga)和雾迷山组下部(约1.45 Ga)碳酸盐岩中尤为发育,表明活跃的微生物活动和高有机质产量。在石化微生物席中,发现有丝状、球状细菌化石和草莓状黄铁矿;围岩中发现有针状文石、花瓣状重晶石、放射状菱铁矿、铁白云石和葡萄状碳酸盐胶结物等多种自生碳酸盐矿物,指示甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)导致的自生碳酸盐沉淀。中元古代的温暖气候和海洋分层、缺氧、硫化条件有利于微生物的高生产量和高有机质埋藏率。气隆构造和核形石状碳酸盐结核反映浅埋藏条件下活跃的成烷作用和甲烷排放,围岩和MMCP中富沥青质。华北地台中元古界富微生物席碳酸盐岩有良好的生烃潜力,有可能形成重要的烃源岩。据微生物席、MISS构造及MMCP的研究,初步估算华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩的概略生烃潜力约为10×108t石油当量。     

水利经济系统运行评价指标的动力学模型

根据最优控制理论,建立了相应于工程动力系统中能量指标的水利经济系统运行效益的动力学评价模型,提出了水利经济系统的“弹性”、“质量”等模态特征量及“动能”、“势能”等系统特征量的表达形式,并应用于江苏水利经济系统的实证分析,计算结果反映了所建能量指标的合理性与可行性.     

Towards Regional Synergy: Reconciling Rangeland Ecological Functioning with Forage Production of Cultivated Pasture

Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration (CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems.