东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅳ):北界西段早古生代构造变形

北祁连造山带是原特提斯洋北支西段——古祁连洋闭合的地质记录,其经历了早古生代复杂的造山过程,但其俯冲极性、闭合时间、拼合方式还存在争议。通过详细的野外构造解析,并对变质年代学资料进行统计,在研究区识别出三幕早古生代褶皱变形。其中,第一幕变形发生在489~442Ma,形成于古祁连洋壳俯冲-碰撞阶段,主要表现为区域性的片理、片麻理或糜棱叶理;第二幕变形发生在422~406Ma,形成于俯冲板片的折返阶段,主要表现为轴面南倾的紧闭褶皱;第三幕变形则主要为轴面近于直立的宽缓褶皱。前两幕变形被第三幕变形叠加改造。祁连地区广泛分布着奥陶系-志留系与上覆泥盆系的角度不整合,不整合面上、下的地层对比指示西段不整合时间早于东段不整合时间,可能代表了古祁连洋西段拼合较早、东段拼合较晚的斜向"剪刀式"拼合。此外,多条穿过整个研究区的1∶20万地质剖面上的运动学解析,揭示了古祁连洋壳自北向南的俯冲极性。综合以上研究结果,认为古祁连洋壳最早的俯冲时间为544Ma,中祁连和阿拉善微陆块自462Ma开始碰撞拼合,古祁连洋于442Ma最终闭合。早古生代原特提斯洋北界西段俯冲方式为自南向北"后退式"俯冲,可能发生过俯冲带跃迁事件。     

高分子聚合物无固相冲洗液在牛头山深钻CUSD3孔的应用研究

牛头山深钻CUSD3孔是中核集团龙灿工程“相山基础地质研究”项目实施的第二个科学深钻钻孔。该孔钻遇的地层包括碎斑熔岩、流纹英安岩、片岩、板岩及千枚岩。地层裂隙发育、破碎、掉块严重,孔壁稳定性差。根据钻进施工中出现的难题,选用了高分子无固相冲洗液。应用表明,该冲洗液具有护壁性好、流动性好、减阻效果好等特点,取得了良好的效果,有效地保证该钻孔的顺利完工。     

黔西北奥陶系下统砾岩的发现及其构造意义

黔西北位于扬子板块的西南缘,经历了新元古代板块拼接碰撞造山运动及早古生代加里东期陆内造山运动的复杂演化过程,尤其是加里东期的三幕(郁南、都匀、广西)构造运动造成早古生代地层不同程度的缺失。本研究在黔西北毕节地区首次发现早奥陶世湄潭组与桐梓组之间存在一套以硅质砾石为特征的砾岩层。通过地质剖面测制、镜下岩石学分析、地层对比及古生物化石鉴定等手段,对该砾岩层区域产出特征、岩石学性质及横向地层对比等进行综合研究,笔者认为包括研究区在内的黔中地区,在早奥陶世曾发生短暂的水上隆升,以致该阶段岩石地层单元出现平行不整合接触界面,以湄潭组粘土岩假整合于娄山关组白云岩之上标志着本次隆升结束。综合构造变形与沉积环境的研究认为,郁南运动阶段,贵州大部表现为水下隆起和海盆变浅,大面积沉积早奥陶世早期碳酸盐岩,但毕节地区出现短暂的抬升为古陆剥蚀区;都匀运动自南向北挤压,形成东西向黔中隆起,以遵义—毕节—赫章为界,黔西北为沉积整合区,黔中为假整合区。     

Timing, Displacement and Growth Pattern of the Altyn Tagh Fault: A Review

The Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) is the longest, lithospheric scale and strike-slip fault in East Asia. In the last three decades, multidisciplinary studies focusing on the timing, displacement of strike-slip and growth mechanics of the ATF have made great progresses. Most studies revealed that the ATF is a sinistral strike-slip and thrust fault, which underwent multiple episodes of activation. The fault is oriented NEE with a length of 1600 km, but the direction, timing of activity and magnitude of its extension eastward are still unclear. The AFT was predominately active during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, in relation to the Mesozoic collision of the Cimmerian continent (Qiangtang and Lhasa block) and Cenozoic collision of India with Asia. The AFT strike-slipped with a left-lateral displacement of ca. 400 km during the Cenozoic and the displacement were bigger in the western segment and stronger in the early stage of fault activation. The slip-rates in the Quaternary were bigger in the middle segment than in the western and eastern segment. We roughly estimated the Mesozoic displacement as ca. 150-300 km. The latest paleomagnetic data showed that the clockwise vertical-axis rotation did not take place in the huge basins (the Tarim and Qaidam) at both side of ATF during the Cenozoic, but the rotation happened in the small basins along the ATF. This rotation may play an important role on accommodating the tectonic deformation and displacement of the ATF. Even if we have achieved consensus for many issues related to the ATF, some issues still need to be study deeply; such as: (a) the temporal and spatial coupling relationship between the collision of Cimmerian continent with Asia and the history of AFT in the Mesozoic and (b) the tectonic deformation history which records by the sediments of the basins within and at both side of AFT and was constrained by a high-resolution and accurate chronology such as magnetostratigraphy and paleomagnetic data.     

洞庭湖区与城陵矶水位关联性的临界特征分析

采用典型测站观测资料与水力学原理相结合,分析不同情况下城陵矶水位与洞庭湖区水位关联性强弱转化的机理和临界条件以及三峡水库对其影响等问题。理论解析表明,固定流量下,湖区水位与城陵矶水位相关关系应为单调指数函数,受到区间距离、湖槽形态等多因素影响,据此提出和率定了各湖区水位的经验计算模式。利用经验计算模式对实测数据进行延展,构建了各种可能出现的湖区来流和干流水位组合下的湖区水位特征曲线族,发现湖区水位与城陵矶水位之间的关联强度存在无影响区、影响区和决定区等状态区间,通过对临界条件的定义和计算,实现了各状态区间的定量划分,并提出了各状态区间内洞庭湖区水位的估算方法。通过对三峡水库蓄水后湖床冲淤和水文条件变化的影响分析,论证了以上方法和认识在水库蓄水后的适用性。     

Progress on Sedimentation of Subaqueous Volcanic Eruption

In recent years, more and more originally regarded as black oil and gas-bearing shales have been found, whose formation has close relationship with subaqueous volcanic activities, with much more fundamental research work on tight oil in China. However, our study of sedimentations of subaqueous eruption has not been well studied since their sediments are very tiny, not easy to be sampled, and extremely difficult to differentiate from mud-size clastic sediments. This paper reviewed the advances of the processes of fragmentation, transportation, and deposition of sediments originated by subaqueous eruption, on the basis of publications and research experience on some special intervals in interlaminated shales and dolostones in Permian Lucaogou Formation in Santanghu Basin. Three main features and their implications were documented. ① Minerals in those intervals were angular with a low component maturity, and some of them were shard-like, suggesting volcanic-eruptive origin. ② Intervals were laminated and thin bedded. The former had a sharp erosional base, and was internal normal graded, and showed crude orientation of elongate grains parallel to bedding plane, suggesting deposition of lateral tractive current; the latter showed messy accumulation without internal structure, suggesting deposition of dense granular flow. ③ Intervals were localized and repetitive in stratigraphy, indicating origin from episodic-pulsating volcanic activities. We preliminarily interpreted those intervals as sedimentations of subaqueous volcanic-hydrothermal activities (phreatomagmatic/hydrovolcanic deposition). Then, the relationship of intraclasts, extraclasts, and deep-derived clasts, the difference of sedimentary rocks formed by subaqueous between subaerial eruptions, and the terminology of these eruptive rocks were discussed. Finally, macro to micro scale observation, micro-texture of minerals, attaching importance on hydrothermal exhalative sedimentations, and multidisciplinary studies were suggested for future research on those rocks.     

Hydrachemical Characteristics at the Seismic Stations in Songyuan District,Jilin Province

The hydrochemical types and origins of underground water in Songyuan and vicinity, Liaoning Province were discussed based on the hydrochemical composition, δD and δ¹⁸O. The water samples from eight wells were collected 4 times during 2014 to 2015. The main ion concentrations of water were analyzed with an Ion Chromatography. Isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen were analyzed with the Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer. The mineralization (TDS) of the water ranged from 125.4 mg/L to 19 350.9 mg/L. Values of δD and δ¹⁸O ranged from -71.7‰ to -98.1‰ and from -9.0‰ to -12.5‰, respectively. The isotopic data indicated that the water originated from meteorological precipitation. The chemical compositions of Taolaizhao phreatic water were influenced by the human activity while the other water samples collected from artesian well were less affected by the human activity. Water in Changling, Dongdashi, Taohaotai, Qianan and Ningjiang were characterized by HCO₃-Na with low TDS values. Such chemical types of water with fluctuations of Na⁺, SO42- and δ¹⁸O drift were resulted from dissolving silicate minerals and adding surfactant during oil exploitation. Fresh water in Fuyu well was Cl-Na type, which was influenced by acid injection during oil exploitation. Water in Qianguo well was characterized by Cl-Na type with TDS up to 19 350.9 mg/L, the obvious fluctuations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and increasing ion concentrations in the Qianguo well may be caused by the earthquakes that occurred in the sampling duration. The results will provide the background of hydrochemistry, and will be of benefit to monitoring earthquake and certificating seismic-chemical anomalies in the future.     

浅层地震反射在郧西盆地断层探测中的应用与研究

在前期详细地质调查的基础上,对郧西盆地进行针对性的浅层地震反射勘探,并利用地震发射结果来确定断层位置及构造特征。该研究对南水北调中线核心水源区地震安全系统的建设有一定意义。     

Age-related changes of leaf traits and stoichiometry in an alpine shrub (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhododendron agglutinatum</Emphasis>) along altitudinal gradient

Leaf morphological and stoichiometric characteristics are considered to represent both the interior inheritable characters in the plant and its adaptations to specific exterior environments. Rhododendron agglutinatum, an evergreen alpine shrub species, occupies a wide range of habitats above timberline in the Miyaluo Natural Reserve, southwestern China. Along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 3700 to 4150 m, we measured leaf morphological characters including leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), and one leaf area (OLA), as well as carbon (C) and nutrient (N, P) contents in leaves of three different age groups (juvenile leaves, mature leaves and senescent leaves). We also calculated the stoichiometric relationships among carbon and nutrients (C/N, C/P and N/P). Results showed that both age and altitude affected the leaf morphological and stoichiometric properties of R. agglutinatum. Mature leaves possessed the highest LDMC, LMA and C contents both on a dry mass basis and on a unit area basis. Younger leaves possessed higher contents of nutrients. OLA as well as ratios between carbon and nutrients (C/N, C/P) increased with ages. Juvenile leaves possessed lowest ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus. In juvenile leaves, nutrients increased with altitudinal elevation, whereas other traits decreased. In mature leaves, nutrients and their ratios with carbon showed consistent trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude, whereas LMA and carbon on a unit area basis showed opposite trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude. In senescent leaves, only content of phosphorus on a unit area basis and N/P were found linearly correlated with altitude. Our results demonstrated a clear pattern of nutrient distribution with aging process in leaves and indicated that a high possibility of N limitation in this region. We also concluded that younger leaves could be more sensitive to climate changes due to a greater altitudinal influence on the leaf traits in younger leaves than those in elder leaves.     

于DEM光照晕渲模拟的梯田自动提取方法

梯田作为黄土高原最为典型的人工地貌之一,有重要的农业生产和水土保持价值。传统的梯田自动提取仅限于梯田所在区域的范围划定,未能对梯田田坎线实现有效的自动化提取。鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于光照晕渲模拟的梯田快速提取方法。首先,对无人机航测生成的1 m分辨率的数字高程模型（DEM）进行4个方向的光照晕渲模拟,并相加取平均值;然后,通过适当的阈值对均值图像进行二值化,并掩膜掉沟谷等非梯田区域;最后,基于二值化图像自动矢量化得到梯田田坎线,并通过适当的长度阈值进行碎线过滤提高提取精度。本文以陕西省长武县王东沟流域为实验样区进行了实验,结果表明,该方法提取结果的准确率为89.09%,具有较好的提取精度。此外,对该方法涉及到的参数进行了讨论,表明光照模拟的方向角采用2个正交的对称方向对、高度角采用田坎坡度的反正切值、二值化阈值采用t=180-σ的经验公式,可以满足黄土高原的梯田自动快速提取。