Age-related changes of leaf traits and stoichiometry in an alpine shrub (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhododendron agglutinatum</Emphasis>) along altitudinal gradient

Leaf morphological and stoichiometric characteristics are considered to represent both the interior inheritable characters in the plant and its adaptations to specific exterior environments. Rhododendron agglutinatum, an evergreen alpine shrub species, occupies a wide range of habitats above timberline in the Miyaluo Natural Reserve, southwestern China. Along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 3700 to 4150 m, we measured leaf morphological characters including leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), and one leaf area (OLA), as well as carbon (C) and nutrient (N, P) contents in leaves of three different age groups (juvenile leaves, mature leaves and senescent leaves). We also calculated the stoichiometric relationships among carbon and nutrients (C/N, C/P and N/P). Results showed that both age and altitude affected the leaf morphological and stoichiometric properties of R. agglutinatum. Mature leaves possessed the highest LDMC, LMA and C contents both on a dry mass basis and on a unit area basis. Younger leaves possessed higher contents of nutrients. OLA as well as ratios between carbon and nutrients (C/N, C/P) increased with ages. Juvenile leaves possessed lowest ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus. In juvenile leaves, nutrients increased with altitudinal elevation, whereas other traits decreased. In mature leaves, nutrients and their ratios with carbon showed consistent trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude, whereas LMA and carbon on a unit area basis showed opposite trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude. In senescent leaves, only content of phosphorus on a unit area basis and N/P were found linearly correlated with altitude. Our results demonstrated a clear pattern of nutrient distribution with aging process in leaves and indicated that a high possibility of N limitation in this region. We also concluded that younger leaves could be more sensitive to climate changes due to a greater altitudinal influence on the leaf traits in younger leaves than those in elder leaves.     

于DEM光照晕渲模拟的梯田自动提取方法

梯田作为黄土高原最为典型的人工地貌之一,有重要的农业生产和水土保持价值。传统的梯田自动提取仅限于梯田所在区域的范围划定,未能对梯田田坎线实现有效的自动化提取。鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于光照晕渲模拟的梯田快速提取方法。首先,对无人机航测生成的1 m分辨率的数字高程模型（DEM）进行4个方向的光照晕渲模拟,并相加取平均值;然后,通过适当的阈值对均值图像进行二值化,并掩膜掉沟谷等非梯田区域;最后,基于二值化图像自动矢量化得到梯田田坎线,并通过适当的长度阈值进行碎线过滤提高提取精度。本文以陕西省长武县王东沟流域为实验样区进行了实验,结果表明,该方法提取结果的准确率为89.09%,具有较好的提取精度。此外,对该方法涉及到的参数进行了讨论,表明光照模拟的方向角采用2个正交的对称方向对、高度角采用田坎坡度的反正切值、二值化阈值采用t=180-σ的经验公式,可以满足黄土高原的梯田自动快速提取。     

全球契约与企业应对气候变化

全面分析了气候变化给企业带来的机遇与挑战。全球契约的"关注气候"倡议为企业响应全球号召应对气候变化带来了机遇,全球契约是全球企业共同应对气候变化、实现企业社会责任和树立企业形象的良好平台。另外,通过调查研究分析了中国民营企业应对气候变化的现状,并提出了相关政策建议。     

Micro‐geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scales

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are ubiquitous communities of diminutive organisms such as cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, mosses and others associated closely with particles of surface soil, forming a cohesive thin horizontal layer. The ecological roles of BSCs affecting soil nutrient cycling, stability and hydrological processes, influencing the germination and establishment of vascular plants, and serving as habitats for numerous arthropods and microorganism have been well documented. We tested the hypothesis that micro‐geomorphological features determine the spatial distribution of BSCs by reallocating related abiotic resources at small‐ and medium‐scales in the Tengger Desert. Our results showed that higher soil pH and higher total potassium content in topsoil positively correlated with the colonization of cyanobacteria and algae in the earliest successional stages of BSCs, while increasing dust deposition onto the topsoil enhanced the development of lichen and mosses in the later stages of BSCs. Increasing soil moisture raised the proportion of mosses and lichen in BSCs, this will possibly change the ecological functions of BSCs, such as nitrogen‐fixation by cyanobacteria, due to the conversion from a complex to relative simple type of BSC. Micro‐geomorphology has created various habitats at a small‐scale affecting colonization and development of cryptogams. This paper considers the contribution of micro‐geomorphology to biodiversity in the extreme arid desert systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2011年全国地理期刊编辑出版年会在福州召开(英文)

The Annual Meeting of China’s Geographical Journals Editing was held in Fuzhou city onApril 21-25, 2011. This meeting was co-sponsored by the Working Committee for Editing     

DCB对精密单点定位精度影响研究

分析精密单点定位观测模型中的卫星钟差改正项(包含硬件延迟偏差改正),给出采用IGS精密卫星钟差产品进行卫星钟差改正时的硬件延迟偏差改正方法.并通过实测数据定量分析硬件延迟偏差改正在静态及动态两种定位方式中的影响.实验结果表明:精密单点定位中,硬件延迟偏差改正对静态定位的影响很小,可以忽略;对动态定位的影响可达到cm级,应该加以考虑.     

竖井内爆炸动力响应分析

系统地分析了内爆炸条件下冲击波在竖井内的传播和反射规律,并基于经典弹性理论,建立了动力平衡方程,推导出了竖井井壁动力响应的计算表达式,得到了竖井侧墙最大径向位移和最大内力分布。计算表明：竖井侧墙最大径向位移出现在竖井中间的某处位置,具体与点源爆炸物高度有关,随着爆炸高度的增加,最大径向位移出现的位置也在向井口方向移动,但是幅值大小有所减小。     

板式基础托换法开发地下空间施工过程的数值分析

板式基础托换法是应用在既有建筑物地下空间开发中的一种方法。它先施工拟建地下室的部分顶板,依靠板下土体支撑既有建筑物的荷载,同时开挖其余部分的土方。土方开挖后,再施工该区域的柱或墙等竖向构件以及底板;然后,依靠这部分底板支撑上部荷载,完成剩余的土方开挖和顶板、底板的施工。利用ANSYS建立三维有限元模型,分5个工况对托换施工过程进行分析,得到各部位柱脚的沉降规律：在土方开挖之前,中间部位柱脚的沉降大于周边部位的柱脚;土方开挖后,由于“卸载”作用中间部位柱脚出现明显的回弹,使得中间部位柱脚的沉降小于周边部位的柱脚。不均匀沉降值的大小和地基土的弹性模量以及上部结构是否加载有关。不均匀沉降产生的上部结构的附加弯矩可以通过建立二维有限元模型求出。     

松辽盆地三肇地区扶杨油层油气成藏过程主控因素及成藏模式

从多元地质条件及其时空匹配关系的角度出发,对三肇地区扶杨油层油气成藏过程中的主控因素进行分析。结果表明:上覆青山口组一段源岩有效排烃范围、超压和T₂反射层油源断裂组合关系控制了油气垂向向下“倒灌”的运移范围、距离及层位;古构造背景、T₂断层与储层砂体配置关系控制着油气侧向运移的方向、通道和距离;基准面旋回、沉积微相类型与现今构造配置关系控制着油气的垂向聚集层位及平面分布规律。在此基础上,结合构造发育史、油源条件及沉积微相研究成果,对研究区扶杨油层油气成藏模式进行了总结,认为研究区扶杨油层主要存在4种成藏模式:源内--顶生下储式油气成藏模式、近源--短距离侧向运移--斜坡带断层遮挡油气成藏模式、源外--长距离侧向运移--继承性构造隆起带油气成藏模式、多源--多方式侧向运移油气成藏模式。     

内蒙古地区沙尘暴的分布特征

使用1995—2007年13 a内蒙古地区118个地面测站的沙尘暴、能见度、风速风向观测资料,确定了不同范围、不同强度沙尘暴标准,给出了特强、强、次强和弱沙尘暴日的个例谱;对地理分布、时间分布、气象要素分布特征进行分析。结果表明,近13 a内蒙古地区有5个沙尘暴多发中心,强和特强有两个高发区。年变化显著,1995年沙尘暴开始减少,1999年开始增加,2001年达到最多,之后开始减少,2003年沙尘暴次数最少,2004年开始呈波动增加趋势。在一年内,沙尘暴、强和特强沙尘暴集中出现在春季的3—5月,4月最多,沙尘暴下旬相对集中,上、下旬是大、小范围强和特强沙尘暴易发时段。3—5月,平均地面气温高于5 ℃,平均地面相对湿度低于40%的地区是沙尘暴多发区。