基于地理信息二三维联合显示的地质灾害体遥感解译研究

滑坡是指在重力作用下,岩体或其他碎屑沿一个或多个破裂滑动面向下做整体滑动的现象。在我国乃至全世界范围内,滑坡常常给工农业生产以及人民生命财产造成巨大损失。但是由于滑坡所处位置具有危险性、隐蔽性的特点,在一定程度上给人们进行实地监测、预警带来了诸多不便。近年来,遥感和GIS技术飞速发展,尤其在自然灾害的识别、监测等领域正发挥越来越重要的作用。论文选择澜沧江中下游的部分沿岸区域作为研究区,针对目前滑坡灾害的研究现状,探讨在ARCGIS和ENVI软件平台上,基于30m空间分辨率的LandSat5TM影像和2.5m空间分辨率的Spot5卫星影像以及DEM数字高程影像进行二三维联合显示,提高目视识别验证的效果;并依次通过决策树分类,遥感影像的目视解译进行滑坡的粗提取;基于山影数据、分水线、汇水线、坡度分类等数据精确识别滑坡;并利用谷歌地图和实测的滑坡数据对结果进行验证,取到了较好的识别效果。     

The formation of runoff-generated debris flow in Southwestern of China: take Gangou as an example

In the mountain area of Southwestern China, there are large quantities of runoff-generated debris flows that are threatening the local people and facilities seriously. Gangou is a typical runoff-generated debris flow; its source is old deposit from floods and the debris flows downstream of the channel. On June 30, 2005, Gangou occurred debris flow, the debris flow destroying the road, the communications facilities and the farmland at the gully mouth. Unlike the formation mechanisms of other debris flows, the formation of 2005 debris flow in Gangou has its distinctive characteristics as follows. (1) The supply of the loose sources is intensive and distribute near the mouth of the gully; it is rare to see any debris flow initiate at such a lower location. (2) The debris flow finishes its initiation, flow and deposition around the 700-m-long channel, accompanied with the blocking process in the gully when the debris flow ran out; however, 10 min later, it releases and amplifies the peak flow about three times. (3) The topographic condition of the basin does not contribute much to the formation of the 2005 debris flow; instead, its formation is the result of the co-effort of continuous rainfall and a short-time heavy rainfall. In other words, the previous cumulative precipitation enables the moisture content of the soil on the right bank of the gully to reach saturation; then the soil slides into the channel under the action of the heavy rainfall at a later time. Meanwhile, the heavy rainfall accelerates the formation of gully run-off and initiates the loose mass in the channel from slide, thus forming the debris flow.     

基于LMDZ模型的蒙古高原降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

基于LMDZ（Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom）模型的模拟数据、NCEP/ NCAR格点气象数据和北极涛动指数（Arctic Oscillation Index,AOI),验证了LMDZ模型在蒙古高原的适用性,分析了局地大气水线（Local Meteoric Water Line,LMWL）、降水中δ¹⁸O与环境因子的关系,探索了降水中δ¹⁸O、氘盈余（d-excess）的时空变化,并结合HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model)模型对蒙古高原气团运输轨迹进行了模拟。结果表明：在LMDZ模型的2种结果中,LMDZ-nudged模拟蒙古高原降水稳定同位素效果较好;计算得到的蒙古高原LMWL为δD=7.78δ¹⁸O+3.31(R²=0.995),其斜率和截距均小于全球大气水线( Global Meteoric Water Line,GMWL)斜率和截距,表明该区域雨滴下落中受云下二次蒸发影响较大;降水中δ¹⁸O夏高冬低,与温度、北极涛动指数呈正相关,而与相对湿度呈负相关。降水中d-excess呈现夏低冬高的特点;对蒙古高原后向轨迹追踪并对其进行聚类分析发现,研究区主要有3条水汽路径：西风带水汽（约88.39%）、东亚季风水汽（约5.73%）与极地水汽（约5.88%）,其中西风带水汽为主控水汽。     

花岗岩风化土与废弃轮胎混合物力学特性研究

废旧轮胎的治理是一个世界性的难题,而将废旧轮胎应用于岩土工程加固中则为其污染治理提供了一个行之有效的手段。为了进一步研究废旧轮胎对土体的加固机制并应用到实际工程中,主要选取了全风化花岗岩砂颗粒和加工后的废旧轮胎（包括颗粒型和长条型）的混合体作为研究对象,通过一系列不同竖向压力下的一维压缩试验,详细研究不同橡胶含量配比、不同形态下的橡胶-砂混合体的受压力学特性,并创新性地探讨了橡胶颗粒对砂颗粒在压缩过程中破碎行为的影响。试验结果表明,所有橡胶-砂混合体在较高压力作用下都能收敛到一条直线,即存在唯一的标准压缩线;随着橡胶含量增加到大于20%,混合物的压缩和卸载回弹量均明显增加,而这种特性不受轮胎颗粒形态的影响。此外,轮胎橡胶含量配比越高,砂颗粒的破碎程度越小,同时,当其中砂颗粒尺寸越小时,整体破碎越少。     

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A Practical Indirect Back Analysis Approach for Geomechanical Parameters Identification

Back analysis is a powerful tool to determine geomechanical parameters. In this article, a practical approach that employs the response surface method and MS Excel solver for back analysis is presented. The least square support vector machine (LSSVM)-based response surface is utilized to represent the nonlinear relationship between the geomechanical parameters and the monitored information and Excel solver is used to search the geomechanical parameters based on the monitoring information. We analyze the robustness and search ability of the proposed approach. On the other hand, two numerical cases on a circular tunnel and a slope are used to verify the proposed approach. Results clearly indicate that LSSVM-based response surface is effectively able to be used to identify the geomechanical parameters from the monitoring displacements.     

富川地区风能资源分析

利用富川县虎头测风塔的实测资料,计算分析了富川地区的风能资源参数。结果表明,该地区的风能资源丰富,年平均风速、风功率密度和有效风速小时数都随高度的增高而增大;秋冬季是该地区风能资源利用的最佳时期,夏季次之,春季最差;而白天特别是中午一般是每天资源量最好的时段;该地区的主导风向集中,且最多风向与次多风向完全相反,各风向上的风能分布规律与风向频率分布一致,并且比风向频率分布更集中在主导风向上。     

华南上奥陶统宝塔组天文年代格架及其地质意义

对华南四川盆地及周缘地区的四川省南江县桥亭剖面、重庆市南川区三泉剖面和贵州省习水县良村剖面上奥陶统宝塔组高分辨率磁化率(MS)数据进行了旋回地层学分析,识别出405 ka长偏心率、100 ka短偏心率、30 ka斜率和20 ka岁差沉积旋回,其中偏心率和岁差旋回信号最强。利用405 ka长偏心率旋回进行天文调谐后得出三条剖面宝塔组的沉积时限分别为4.17 Ma、5.64 Ma和5.05 Ma,平均沉积速率分别为7.67 m·Ma-1、4.68 m·Ma-1 和6.37 m·Ma-1,呈现出从北往南沉积时限变长,沉积速率变小的趋势,指示了北部接受沉积时间要比南部更晚,海侵从南向北推进。良村剖面宝塔组中所产牙形石Hamarodus brevirameus带和Protopanderodus insculptus带的延续时限分别为3.62 Ma和1.43 Ma;桥亭剖面三叶虫Niuchangella angustilimbata间隔带、Dislobosaspis xixiangensis延限带和未建带的延续时限分别是2.83 Ma、0.41 Ma和0.81 Ma。     

准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区清水河组深层优质储层特征及其物性控制因素

为了明确准噶尔盆地腹部莫索湾地区清水河组储层特征及其成因,综合利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性、X衍射等多种分析测试手段,并结合钻测井、地层测试资料及区域埋藏史、古地温、沉积体系等相关研究成果,详细分析了清水河组储层成岩作用特征及其物性控制因素,并在此基础上总结成岩模式。研究结果表明:清水河组储层具有低成分成熟度、高塑性岩屑含量及高结构成熟度的"一低两高"特征;尽管储层主体埋深在3 500m以下,但储集空间仍以原生粒间孔为主,平均孔隙度为15.47%,平均渗透率可达226.6mD,为典型的深层优质储层;储层成岩作用总体表现为"中压实中强压实、强溶蚀、弱胶结"的特征,尽管储层埋深较大,但成岩阶段整体仍处于中成岩A1亚期;区域连片的厚层辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝中细砂岩及中粗砂岩是形成深层优质储层的基础,而成岩过程中储层物性保存主要受控于早期碳酸盐胶结抗压实、绿泥石包壳及后期酸性成岩流体条件下的溶蚀增孔作用;除上述沉积、成岩控制因素外,地层超压的存在使得储层在深埋条件下压实强度显著降低,是储层物性保存的关键,同时在储层成岩演化过程中及现今盆地不断降低的地温梯度也有效延缓了储层的成岩进程。     

Lateral velocity variation related correction in asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagators

It was mathematically proved that the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way wave equation could provide the same amplitude as the full‐wave equation in heterogeneous lossless media in the sense of high‐frequency asymptotics. Much work has been done on the vertical velocity variation related amplitude correction term but the lateral velocity variation related term has not received much attention, even being excluded in some asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator formulations. Here we analyse the effects of different amplitude correction terms in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator, especially the effect related to the lateral velocity variation, by comparing the wavefield amplitude from the one‐way propagator with that from full‐wave modelling. We derive a dual‐domain wide‐angle screen type asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator and evaluate two implementations of the amplitude correction. Numerical examples show that the lateral velocity variation related correction term can play a significant role in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator. Optimization of the expansion coefficients in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator can improve both the amplitude and phase accuracy for wide‐angle waves.