电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定含刚玉的铝土矿中硅铝铁钛

铝土矿具有较强的化学稳定性,常含有少量刚玉,属于比较难处理的样品。常用的四酸溶解法对不含刚玉的铝土矿能取得较好的效果,但对高铝及含刚玉的样品分解不完全且无法同时测定硅。本文对含刚玉的铝土矿样品在镍坩埚中用氢氧化钠-过氧化钠熔融,盐酸酸化后用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定硅铝铁钛四种元素。对氢氧化钠-过氧化钠的熔样效果、过氧化钠用量、熔样温度、共存离子的影响及基体干扰进行了试验,结果表明,加入3.0 g氢氧化钠和1.0 g过氧化钠在650~700℃保温10 min,能较好地熔解含少量刚玉的铝土矿样品。利用铝土矿标准物质制备标准溶液,可消除镍坩埚和熔融试剂产生的镍盐和钠盐基体对硅铝铁钛测定的干扰。方法检出限为0.0025%~0.063%,精密度小于4%。铝土矿国家标准物质的测定值与标准值相符,实际样品的测定值与其他分析方法的测定值相吻合。本方法样品分解完全,消解时间短,分析步骤简单,适用于高铝及含少量刚玉的铝土矿样品分析。     

Extremum solutions to the limit equilibrium method subjected to physical admissibility

In the slope stability analysis, the interslice force calculated by the method of slices is the internal force of the slope in the limit equilibrium state, which is vital to the design of reinforcement. However, none of the existing methods can guarantee a priori the interslice force is reasonable. Starting from the global analysis procedure, an optimization problem for maximizing the factor of safety is posed under the constraints that the system of forces in the sliding body is physically admissible. In the problem, both the factor of safety and the normal stress along the slip surface are taken as the independent variables. With weak nonlinearity and no numerical problems inherent in the methods of slices, the optimization problem can be solved by those conventional optimization techniques. No assumption is made regarding the interslice forces, but the system of forces from the optimization problem is physically admissible. To bracket the factor of safety, meanwhile, the minimum of the factor of safety is calculated through a minimization process under the same constraints as the maximization process. It is illustrated that for smooth slip surfaces, the solutions to the maximum and the minimum almost coincide, and for non-smooth slip surfaces, the interval of the solution is very narrow.     

内蒙古自治区页岩气资源远景探讨

内蒙古自治区发育有三套富含有机碳的泥页岩地层,即中-上元古界渣尔泰山群和白云鄂博群的海相含炭页岩系:晚古生界上石炭统太原组和二叠系山西组的海陆交互相含炭页岩系;中新生界的陆相含炭页岩系,页岩气主要赋存在陆相含炭页岩系中.根据煤、油气勘查成果以及页岩气评价资料,认为鄂尔多斯盆地含页岩气地层厚度大,有机质碳含量高,为好的烃源岩;在阿拉善盆地、二连-海拉尔盆地、通辽地区中生界炭质页岩、煤层及油页岩发育且厚度大,河套盆地中渐新统临河组和中新统五原组形成于潟湖相,富含有机质,为生油气的有利层位,推断这些盆地页岩气资源前景良好.依据页岩气形成条件和含页岩气地层的相关分析,提出页岩气勘查工作首先在鄂尔多斯盆地和二连-海拉尔盆地群展开,在获得一定成果的基础上,再对阿拉善盆地和河套盆地进行勘查,对通辽盆地页岩气进行野外调查.     

Effect of nitrogen addition on soil organic carbon in freshwater marsh of Northeast China

Increased nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems could alter soil organic carbon (C) dynamics, but the effect still remains uncertain. To better understand the effect of N addition on soil organic C in wetland ecosystems, a field experiment was conducted in a seasonally inundated freshwater marsh, the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In this study, litter production, soil total organic C (TOC) concentration, microbial biomass C (MBC), organic C mineralization, metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and mineralization quotient (qmC) in 0–15 cm depth were investigated after four consecutive years of N addition at four rates (CK, 0 g N m^?2 year^?1; low, 6 g N m^?2 year^?1; moderate, 12 g N m^?2 year^?1; high, 24 g N m^?2 year^?1). Four-year N addition increased litter production, and decreased soil organic C mineralization. In addition, soil TOC concentration and MBC generally increased at low and moderate N addition levels, but declined at high N addition level, whereas soil qCO₂ and qmC showed a reverse trend. These results suggest that short-term N addition alters soil organic C dynamics in seasonally inundated freshwater marshes of Northeast China, and the effects vary with N fertilization rates.     

水文实验研究的现状与发展探讨

水文实验是水文科学发展的基础和必要条件,但是,20世纪90年代以来,由于科技体制改革等诸多原因,水文实验研究工作不断萎缩甚至停滞,与经济社会快速发展形成巨大反差。分析了水文实验研究工作现状,针对新时期新形势下对水文实验研究工作提出的更高要求,阐述了水文实验站发展的规划原则,并对水文实验研究发展进行了展望。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组砂岩储层孔隙成因类型及其控制因素

陇东地区延长组砂岩储层属于典型的低孔低渗储层,分析孔隙成因类型及其控制因素,对于寻找相对高孔渗储层具有重要指导意义。通过大量孔隙铸体薄片鉴定认为,陇东地区延长组砂岩发育原生与次生两大类孔隙类型,其中原生孔隙包括压实剩余原生粒间孔和胶结剩余原生粒间孔;次生孔隙包括粒间杂基及胶结物溶孔、长石和岩屑粒内溶孔及铸模孔、粒间高岭石绿泥石胶结物晶间孔;另外还存在少量构造成因的微裂缝。现今孔隙多为部分原生与部分次生组成的混合孔隙。孔隙成因类型受沉积条件和成岩作用双重因素控制,沉积条件决定了砂岩沉积时的水动力条件,从而决定了砂岩的岩石学特征和原生粒间孔的发育程度,压实作用决定了压实剩余粒间孔的大小与多少,胶结作用决定了胶结剩余粒间孔的多少,溶蚀作用控制了各种溶蚀孔隙的类型及发育程度,如粒间杂基和碳酸盐胶结物溶孔、长石及岩屑粒缘与粒内溶蚀孔隙的发育程度。原生孔隙在长8、长9、长4+5粒度较粗的层段中较明显,次生孔隙在长6、长7粒度细层段和顶部不整合面附近的长1-3中占的比例较多。系统运用大量薄片和物性资料首次明确指出陇东地区延长组砂岩储层孔隙为混合成因,且次生孔隙特征明显,原生孔隙由于压实和胶结作用大量损失。     

四川夹金山王家山沟泥石流灾害特征及防治

王家山沟位于四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州小金县达维乡境内,流域面积8.02km2,沟长5.14km,相对高度1614m,纵坡降314.0‰,沟内滑坡发育,形成泥石流的地形和松散固体物质条件充分;偶尔出现的高强度、短历时暴雨是泥石流形成的水源条件和激发因素。针对危害特征,对泥石流采取了以拦挡工程为主,辅以防护堤及生物措施的综合治理方案。     

山西省降水与环流特征量及ELnino的关系

本文通过滑动相关普查方法，对山西30个代表站点的夏半年（6-11月）降水与前期74个环流特征量及北太平海海温月平均资料作逐点逐月普查相关分析，结果表明：上年7-10月的南方涛动指数及赤道东太平洋（ELnino区）海温与我省夏半年降水分别有很好的相关关系，它们的出现对山西夏半年降水影响是非常强的，同时还发现前期多个环流指数如太阳黑子、西太平洋副高与我省夏半年降水也有很好的相关关系。     

ENSO冷暖事件与郑州地区汛期气候异常关系

利用1951—2000年郑州站汛期气温和降水资料，分析了ENSO冷暖事件与郑州地区汛期气候异常的关系。结果发现：ENS0冷暖事件对郑州地区汛期降水和气温均有较大影响，对降水异常的影响更显著。暖事件出现当年，郑州地区汛期易出现降水异常偏少，次年则易出现降水异常偏多；冷事件出现当年，郑州地区汛期降水易出现异常偏多，次年降水出现异常的几率较小。