ABSTRACTAs increasing evidence shows that the risks of climate change are mounting, there is a call for further climate action (both reducing global emissions, and adaptation to better manage the risks of climate change). To promote and enable adaptation, governments have introduced, or are considering introducing, reporting on climate risks and efforts being taken to address those risks. This paper reports on an analysis of the first two rounds of such reports submitted under the UK Climate Change Act (2008) Adaptation Reporting Power. It highlights benefits and challenges for reporting authorities and policymakers receiving the reports that could also inform other countries considering such reporting. For reporting authorities, benefits arise from the reporting process and resulting reports. These benefits include elevating climate risks and adaptation to the corporate level and with stakeholders, alongside facilitating alignment and integration of actions within existing risk management and governance structures. For policymakers, reporting provides enhanced understanding of climate risks and actions from a bottom-up perspective that can be integrated into national-level assessments and adaptation planning processes. The identified challenges are those related to capacity and process. These include limited risk and adaptation assessment capacities; relevance of climate change risks and adaptation in the context of other urgent risks and actions; reporting process effectiveness and robustness; and the provision of effective and sufficiently comprehensive support, including feedback.Key policy insights
Effective adaptation reporting needs to be designed and delivered so as to enhance the value of the reporting process and resulting reports both for those reporting and those receiving the reports, as well as from the broader policy perspective.
Providing a positive and supportive reporting environment is critical to encourage participation and facilitating contiuous learning and improvement, while also facilitating delivery of policy-relevant adaptation reports.
Contributions of adaptation reporting can be enhanced by an inclusive reporting requirement involving a broader organizational mix that enables more effective risk management and reporting that reflects associated (inter)dependencies and consistency with the more comprehensive post-2015 resilience agenda (Paris Agreement, Sendai Framework for DRR and UN Agenda 2030 SDGs).
This study examines the hypothesis that the determinants of denominational switching vary regionally among white American Protestants. Data for the analysis are taken from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey for 1974 through 1984. Using logistic regression, the analysis compares the determinants of switching among respondents residing in the nine Census regions of the U.S. Results reveal significant regional differences in the determinants of switching, especially in the effects of conversion, childhood affiliation and interdenominational marriage. 相似文献
Summary All of the barium and marginal barium stars in the 1972 MacConnell, Frey, and Upgren (1972: MFU) list of such objects which
are located south of the celestial equator were examined for visual duplicity. Over 200 objects were observed, and a total
of six possible candidates for wide pair visual binaries were found. Of these, four are most likely optical in nature. These
data suggest that the incidence of wide binaries among barium stars is of the order of 1%. 相似文献
The unified three-dimensional (3D) critical state bounding-surface plasticity model gUTS enables clays, silts and sands to be treated within a single framework. Furthermore, loose and dense states of a particular soil subjected to a wide range of confinements are viewed as a single material defined by the same set of constants. The model is able to handle both monotonic and complex cyclic paths including those involving a rotation of the principal stress directions. The model incorporates the following features: combined use of radial and deviatoric mapping rules and the use of an apparent normal consolidation line for sands; use of a non-associated flow rule where the ratio of the rates of volumetric plastic strain to deviatoric plastic strain is a function only of the ratio of deviatoric to mean effective stresses and the Lode angle; adoption of a bi-linear critical state line projected onto the plane of the void ratio versus logarithm of mean effective stress; inclusion of a sub-elliptic, or super-elliptic, segment in the plastic dilatancy surface for stress ratios less than critical; use of elliptic segments in the deviatoric planes; movement of the projection centre in the deviatoric mapping region and incorporation of a plastic stiffening effect for cyclic paths which repeatedly load in the same deviatoric direction. 相似文献
A modified periodic orbit of the third kind is introduced that is closely related to periodic orbits of the third kind as defined by Poincaré. It is shown that Pluto librates about the periodic orbit with apparent stability. This further explains the librational motion of the resonant argument of Pluto and the avoidance of a Pluto-Neptune close approach as found by Cohen and Hubbard and the long-term motion of Pluto and the librational motion of the perihelion as found by Williams and Benson. With libration about a periodic orbit, the numerical solution of Williams and Benson can be extrapolated to longer times in the past and future. 相似文献
Mineral magnetic analyses are applied to a series of diamict samples taken from the Quaternary sequence in the Isle of Man in order to assess the relative magnitude of the intra-and inter-unit variation of the magnetic properties. The results are analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively and show that the level of intra-unit variation is significantly less than the level of inter-unit variation. The intra-unit variation detected appears to show some relationship to the basic stratigraphy. Previous correlations based upon field evidence of diamict units exposed upon the east and west coasts of the Isle of Man are supported by their mineral magnetic properties. The statistically significant differences in the magnetic mineralogy of the stratigraphically lower Wyllin and Shellag Tills and the upper Orrisdale, Ballavarkish and Ballaquark Tills suggests distinct provenances for these two suites of sediments, allowing potential source areas to be suggested. These source areas are consistent with published data on ice flow directions in the Irish Sea Basin during the Devensian. 相似文献
We have developed methods for tracing rays and performing radiative transfer through a magneto active plasma in a general relativistic environment. The two electromagnetic plasma modes propagate differently due to a combination of dispersive and gravitational effects. We have found that, when given an appropriate environment surrounding the central black hole, it is indeed possible to generate a significant degree of circular polarisation without an appreciable amount of linear polarisation due to these effects alone. 相似文献