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91.
92.
Charles A. Stock Michael A. Alexander Nicholas A. Bond Keith M. Brander William W.L. Cheung Enrique N. Curchitser Thomas L. Delworth John P. Dunne Stephen M. Griffies Melissa A. Haltuch Jonathan A. Hare Anne B. Hollowed Patrick Lehodey Simon A. Levin Jason S. Link Kenneth A. Rose Ryan R. Rykaczewski Jorge L. Sarmiento Ronald J. Stouffer Franklin B. Schwing Francisco E. Werner 《Progress in Oceanography》2011,88(1-4):1-27
The study of climate impacts on Living Marine Resources (LMRs) has increased rapidly in recent years with the availability of climate model simulations contributed to the assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Collaboration between climate and LMR scientists and shared understanding of critical challenges for such applications are essential for developing robust projections of climate impacts on LMRs. This paper assesses present approaches for generating projections of climate impacts on LMRs using IPCC-class climate models, recommends practices that should be followed for these applications, and identifies priority developments that could improve current projections. Understanding of the climate system and its representation within climate models has progressed to a point where many climate model outputs can now be used effectively to make LMR projections. However, uncertainty in climate model projections (particularly biases and inter-model spread at regional to local scales), coarse climate model resolution, and the uncertainty and potential complexity of the mechanisms underlying the response of LMRs to climate limit the robustness and precision of LMR projections. A variety of techniques including the analysis of multi-model ensembles, bias corrections, and statistical and dynamical downscaling can ameliorate some limitations, though the assumptions underlying these approaches and the sensitivity of results to their application must be assessed for each application. Developments in LMR science that could improve current projections of climate impacts on LMRs include improved understanding of the multi-scale mechanisms that link climate and LMRs and better representations of these mechanisms within more holistic LMR models. These developments require a strong baseline of field and laboratory observations including long time series and measurements over the broad range of spatial and temporal scales over which LMRs and climate interact. Priority developments for IPCC-class climate models include improved model accuracy (particularly at regional and local scales), inter-annual to decadal-scale predictions, and the continued development of earth system models capable of simulating the evolution of both the physical climate system and biosphere. Efforts to address these issues should occur in parallel and be informed by the continued application of existing climate and LMR models. 相似文献
93.
I. S. Lykova I. V. Pekov N. N. Kononkova A. K. Shpachenko 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2010,52(8):837-842
Jinshanjiangite (acicular crystals up to 2 mm in length) and bafertisite (lamellar crystals up to 3 × 4 mm in size) have been found in alkali granite pegmatite of the Gremyakha-Vyrmes Complex, Kola Peninsula. Albite, microcline, quartz, arfvedsonite, zircon, and apatite are associated minerals. The dimensions of a monoclinic unit cell of jinshanjiangite and bafertisite are: a = 10.72(2), b=13.80(2), c = 20.94(6) Å, β = 97.0(5)° and a = 10.654(6), b = 13.724(6), c = 10.863(8) Å, β = 94.47(8)°, respectively. The typical compositions (electron microprobe data) of jinshanjiangite and bafertisite are: (Na0.57Ca0.44)Σ1.01(Ba0.57K0.44)Σ1.01 (Fe3.53Mn0.30Mg0.04Zn0.01)Σ3.88(Ti1.97Nb0.06Zr0.01)Σ2.04(Si3.97Al0.03O14)O2.00(OH2.25F0.73O0.02)Σ3.00 and (Ba1.98Na0.04K0.03)Σ2.05(Fe3.43Mn0.37Mg0.03)Σ3.83(Ti2.02Nb0.03)Σ2.05 (Si3.92Al0.08O14)(O1.84OH0.16)Σ2.00(OH2.39F1.61)Σ3.00, respectively. The minerals studied are the Fe-richest members of the bafertisite structural family. 相似文献
94.
Fossil diatom algae first found in the Paleogene marine succession (Alugivayam Formation) of the Il’pinskii Peninsula, northeastern Kamchatka are studied, and new data on molluscan assemblages from the same sequences are presented. Some of the diatom forms identified suggest the Oligocene age of their host deposits. This is consistent with earlier inference from benthic groups of marine organisms. 相似文献
95.
96.
Mineralogical alluvial prospecting search for base metals have been carried out from 1968 to 1970 in the Friuli — Venezia Giulia region. The Carnia, a part of this region, was well known from ancient times as an important mining district. Numerous anomalies of the content of some elements and minerals in river sands have been recognized by means of the above mentioned searches. This indicates that important and till now unknown ore concentrations are possible in this region. In fact three new sphalerite and/or galena concentrations and one fluorite concentration in association with As-sulphides have already been discovered during a partial development of these surveys. In the present work the advantages of alluvial prospecting in mining searches are remarked. Moreover method and application of mineralogical alluvial prospecting are described. In the last paragraph the steps which allowed the discovering of the new metal concentrations are reported in detail. The discovered concentrations are shortly analyzed. Strict aim of this note is to indicate the value and scientific importance of the described method.For reasons not within author's control, the results of these researches can be published only to day. But, owing the importance of some recent discoveries, the authors remind that these results have already been discussed at 2nd Int. Symp. on the Mineral Deposits on the Alps Bled, 1971, and at the meeting of Società di Mineralogia e Petrografia Pisa, 1974. 相似文献
97.
The petrology and mineralogy of three lavas from the Lupata Gorge, Mocambique, containing primary euhedral analcime phenocrysts, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, as well as potassium feldspar and nepheline phenocrysts, are described. Electron microprobe analyses of these phases and a whole rock analysis of the blairmorite are given. Reference to published and unpublished experimental work indicates that these rocks must have been generated at water pressures between about 5 and 13 kbars, implying depths of origin of between 20 and 50 km. Very rapid transport to the surface and quenching is implied. It is suggested that these indications of the considerable depth of origin of these rocks, taken together with the absence of associated intermediate and basic rocks, lends credence to the hypothesis of D. K. Bailey that the voluminous associations of salic igneous rocks found in parts of the African continent, unaccompanied by associated basic rocks, are explicable in terms of partial melting, under high water pressures, of the lower part of the crust. 相似文献
98.
William A. Olsson 《Tectonophysics》1974,24(3):277-285
Two fundamentally distinct types of microfractures are present in an experimentally deformed limestone: subaxial microfractures and microfaults. Macroscopic faults are composed of coalesced microfaults and are not related to the subaxial microfractures. A high-temperature mechanical instability occurs at temperatures of 200° C and above when the confining pressure is 600 bars or less. 相似文献
99.
100.
THE VARIABILITY OF MICACEOUS MINERALS IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1