Dynamics of a closed low-parameter compartment model of the global carbon cycle

A closed dynamic compartment model of the global carbon cycle and its modifications with a small number of external parameters, which are constructed on the basis of data on the current and preindustrial carbon fluxes and reserves in reservoirs, are studied. The first possible controlling parameter is the amount of anthropogenic CO₂ emission into the atmosphere. Closure in substance allows a decrease in the dimensionality of dynamic models and yields another variable parameter—the system’s total mass, whose change reflects the level of uncertainty in the knowledge of the amount of reserves. The calibration of unsaturated fluxes in each of the models is based on an algorithm developed earlier for local ecosystems, and the measured differences between the fluxes opposite in sign for several times are used to calculate the coefficients of saturated fluxes. The model’s modifications make it possible to estimate the degree to which the oceanic active layer may be involved in rapid exchange with the atmosphere and to introduce the factor of land use as an additional anthropogenic effect. The time trajectories of carbon reserves in reservoirs are calculated until 2100 under variations in anthropogenic emissions in accordance with the IPCC basic scenarios until 2100 for the basic model and its modifications.     

Calculation of the Ionization Rate in the Atmosphere in the Polar Region during Solar Proton Events

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The results of a comparative analysis of the fluxes and spectra of solar protons measured in September 2017 by satellites at different orbits (ELECTRO-L No. 2, GOES 13,...     

ANTICYCLONIC EDDIES OVER THE NORTHWESTERN CONTINENTAL SLOPE IN THE BLACK SEA AND TRANSPORT OF CHLOROPHYLL-RICH WATERS INTO ITS ABYSSAL BASIN

A series of infrared NOAA satellite images of the northwestern Black Sea (resolution 1 km) and corresponding maps of chlorophyll “a” (SeaWiFS data, resolution 9 km) are analyzed for the period 1 June-28 August 1998. A major objective was detection of the movement of three synoptic-scale anticyclonic eddies over the continental slope and the entrainment of photopigment-rich coastal waters by them. The study examines the effects of wind direction on the visibility of eddies in the chlorophyll field, and attempts to identify conditions favoring the transport of chlorophyll-rich shelf waters into the sea's abyssal basin.     

A Double Portrait: The Contributions G.S. Golitsyn and P.J. Crutzen Made to Studying the Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - This is the introductory article for the special issue of Izvestia, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics dedicated to the 2019 Lomonosov Gold Medal of the...     

Transfer of Laser Pulses through the Atmosphere into Space in the Presence of Clouds of the Upper and Middle Tiers

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Mathematical models of the atmosphere have been developed for a laser wavelength of 0.532 μm, including the optical characteristics of a...     

Heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation on the Barents Sea coast

The results of heavy metal measurements in monthly precipitation samples are analyzed at biological station Dal’nie Zelentsy to define the role of the atmospheric precipitation in the marine environment pollution in the Barents Sea coastal region. Peculiarities of the atmospheric processes and the genesis of air masses bringing the precipitation and the extent of their effect on the precipitation pollution with heavy metals are considered based on the data obtained in 2001–2002. Of the air masses brining the precipitation to the Kola Peninsula coast the air masses of a marine origin have significant advantage. It is shown that weight average heavy metal (except copper) concentrations in the precipitation from the marine air masses on the Kola coast are higher than in the precipitation from the continental air masses. The emissions from local metallurgic enterprises influence the extent of the precipitation pollution with copper.     

Seismic inversion through Tabu Search1

Highly non-linear seismic trace inversion problems can be solved efficiently by an implementation of Tabu Search, a meta-heuristic method related to artificial intelligence. The implementation under consideration is a deterministic, global search that combines the advantages ofa local search, giving a quick descent to local misfit minima, with an ability to cross misfit barriers in the model space. Once Tabu Search has found an area of low misfit, it performs an extensive exploration of its deepest points. This property makes it possible to use Tabu Search for a semiquantitative resolution and uncertainty analysis of the inverse problem.     

Origin of cosmic rays: Galactic models with halo

Many years ago physical and radio-astronomical arguments and data led to the assumption that cosmic rays in the Galaxy (and probably in other galaxies) fill a more or less extended halo, but are not concentrated in the disk. It was not so long ago, however, that the existence of a radio-halo was discovered, in which the effective dimensions increase with a decrease in frequency. The frequency decrease occurs when relativistic electrons diffuse from the disk, losing energy due to bremsstrahlung and Compton scattering.Meanwhile, some ambiguity on the question of the existence of a radio-halo, and other reasons, have led to a rather wide use of disk models, particularly those in which cosmic rays are present in the Galaxy only for a periodT _cr,d3×10⁶ yr. The authors have repeatedly stated the inadmissibility of such models and, generally, a homogeneous (leaky box) model for the origin of cosmic rays. The new data concerning the amount of radioactive¹⁰Be nuclei in cosmic rays near the Earth in no way contradict the halo models in which the lifetime of cosmic rays isT _cr,h10⁸ yr. In connection with the continuing controversy, the present paper is devoted to a detailed consideration of the difference between the homogeneous and diffusion models. Within the latter models some calculations on the chemical composition of cosmic rays have been carried out, which concern not only stable but also radioactive isotopes.     

A new look at the Rockall region, offshore Ireland

A 700 km wide-angle reflection/refraction profile carried out in the central North Atlantic west of Ireland crossed the Erris Trough, Rockall Trough and Rockall Bank, and terminated in the western Hatton-Rockall Basin. The results reveal the presence of a number of sedimentary basins separated by basement highs. The Rockall Trough, with a sedimentary pile up to 5 km thick, is underlain by thinned continental crust 8–10 km thick. Some major fault block structures are identified, especially on the eastern margin of the Rockall Trough and in the adjacent Erris Trough. The Hatton-Rockall Basin is underlain by westward-thinning continental crust 22–10 km thick. Sedimentary strata are up to 5 km thick. The strata in the Rockall Trough and Hatton-Rockall Basin probably range in age from Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. However, the basins have different sedimentation histories and differ in structural style. The geometry of the crust and sediments suggests that the Rockall Trough originated by pure shear crustal stretching, associated with rift deposits and Cenozoic thermal sag strata. In contrast, the development of the Erris Trough, located on unthinned continental crust, was facilitated by shallow, brittle extension with little deep crustal attenuation. A two-layered crust occurs throughout the region. The lower crustal velocity in the Hatton-Rockall Basin is higher than that in the Rockall Trough. The velocity structure shows no indication of crustal underplating by upper mantle material in the region.     

A three-dimensional model of ionospheric F-region

The three-dimensional stationary in solar-terrestrial system numerical model of the global ionosphere at F-region altitudes is developed. The input parameters are: the structural parameters of empirical thermospheric models (temperature, composition), electric fields, solar UV-radiation spectrum, corpuscular flows at high latitudes. The model includes the calculations of thermospheric circulation, electron density, electron and ion temperatures. The model reproduces the main morphological peculiarities of the distribution of thermospheric circulation and ionospheric plasma parameters. A comparison analysis of the results of the model calculation corresponding to different thermospheric models (DTM, MSIS, Jacchia-77, MSIS-83) is carried out. It is shown, that thermospheric circulation systems are the effective indicator of faithfulness of thermospheric models.