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71.
Partial Melting and Counterclockwise P T Path of Subducted Oceanic Crust (Sierra del Convento Melange, Cuba) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Garcia-Casco Antonio; Lazaro Concepcion; Rojas-Agramonte Yamirka; Kroner Alfred; Torres-Roldan Rafael Luis; Nunez Kenya; Neubauer Franz; Millan Guillermo; Blanco-Quintero Idael 《Journal of Petrology》2008,49(1):129-161
Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust has been identifiedin the Sierra del Convento mélange (Cuba). This serpentinite-matrixmélange contains blocks of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-derivedplagioclase-lacking epidote ± garnet amphibolite intimatelyassociated with peraluminous trondhjemitic–tonalitic rocks.Field relations, major element bulk-rock compositions, mineralassemblages, peak metamorphic conditions (c. 750°C, 14–16kbar), experimental evidence, and theoretical phase relationssupport formation of the trondhjemitic–tonalitic rocksby wet melting of subducted amphibolites. Phase relations andmass-balance calculations indicate eutectic- and peritectic-likemelting reactions characterized by large stoichiometric coefficientsof reactant plagioclase and suggest that this phase was completelyconsumed upon melting. The magmatic assemblages of the trondhjemitic–tonaliticmelts, consisting of plagioclase, quartz, epidote, ±paragonite, ± pargasite, and ± kyanite, crystallizedat depth (14–15 kbar). The peraluminous composition ofthe melts is consistent with experimental evidence, explainsthe presence of magmatic paragonite and (relict) kyanite, andplaces important constraints on the interpretation of slab-derivedmagmatic rocks. Calculated P–T conditions indicate counterclockwiseP–T paths during exhumation, when retrograde blueschist-faciesoverprints, composed of combinations of omphacite, glaucophane,actinolite, tremolite, paragonite, lawsonite, albite, (clino)zoisite,chlorite, pumpellyite and phengite, were formed in the amphibolitesand trondhjemites. Partial melting of subducted oceanic crustin eastern Cuba is unique in the Caribbean realm and has importantconsequences for the plate-tectonic interpretation of the region,as it supports a scenario of onset of subduction of a youngoceanic lithosphere during the early Cretaceous (c. 120 Ma).The counterclockwise P–T paths were caused by ensuingexhumation during continued subduction. KEY WORDS: amphibolite; Cuba; exhumation; partial melting; trondhjemite; subduction 相似文献
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The available literature on sources, chemical composition, and importance of dust particles for the origins of life is analyzed. The most abundant sources of dust on the early terrestrial planets are sedimentation of interplanetary dust, meteoritic/cometary impacts, and volcanic eruptions. Interplanetary dust can originate directly from interstellar space, from evaporation of cometary bodies, from collisional destruction of asteroidal and meteoritic bodies, and nucleation in sunspots. Many rather complex organic species, including those of prebiotic interest, have been identified in the interstellar medium and cometary dust. Some of them are believed to formvia catalytic processes on the surfaces of dust particles. However, the mechanisms are not known, and even simulating experiments are difficult to perform due to insufficient knowledge of physical conditions in the space media and of chemical composition and properties of the dust. Besides the catalytic roles, cometary dust is believed to be the best delivery vehicle for organic matter of space origin to the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. Abundant sources of catalytically active fine dust can be volcanoes. Various organic and biological compounds have been found in terrestrial volcanic gases and ash, which are assumed to formvia the catalytic Fischer-Tropsch reactions. At present the eruptions on the Earth provide a unique opportunity to observein situ the formation of organic matter, and knowledge of the ash composition and local conditions allows to perform simulating experiments. 相似文献
74.
The Dead Sea Basin displays a broad range of salt-related structures that developed in a sinistral strike-slip tectonic environment: en échelon salt ridges, large salt diapirs, transverse oblique normal faults, salt walls and rollovers. Laboratory experiments are used to investigate the mechanics of salt tectonics in pull-apart systems. The results show that in an elongated pull-apart basin the basin fill, although decoupled from the underlying basement by a salt layer, remains frictionally coupled to the boundary. The basin fill, therefore, undergoes a strike-slip shear couple that simultaneously generates en échelon fold trains and oblique normal faults, trending mutually perpendicular. According to the orientation of basin boundaries, sedimentary cover deformation can be dominantly contractional or extensional, at the extremities of pull-apart basins forming either folds and thrusts or normal faults, respectively. These guidelines, applied to the analysis of the Dead Sea Basin, show that the various salt-related structures form a coherent set in the frame of a sinistral strike-slip shearing deformation of the sedimentary basin fill. 相似文献
75.
Surface properties, especially albedo, and aspect are widely accepted as strong influences on the surface thermal response of building stone to insolation. However, the influence that adjacent areas of stone with very different surface properties may have on the thermal response of a patch of stonework, and the ways in which spatial variation in thermal characteristics might enhance stone decay has received relatively little attention. This paper examines the differential thermal response of granite used in construction that results from the presence of dark coloured micro-granular enclaves within a leucocratic host. Surface temperatures and temperature differences between enclaves exhibiting mico-spalling, enclaves with no spalling and the surrounding stone were measured for different aspects and seasons on a 20th century building in Madrid. These data were used to calculate a number of “indices” related to short-term temperature cycling and temperature gradients that have the theoretical capability of generating irreversible deformation of the stone. These indices suggest that micro-spalling of enclaves, compared to a lack of similar decay on the host-rock, is related to their differential thermal response to insolation, most importantly the lower albedo and thermal conductivity values of the enclaves. However, these factors are not sufficient on their own to trigger spalling, and breakdown was only observed where enclaves also experienced repeated, short-term surface temperature cycling caused by, for example, temporary shading by adjacent vegetation. These rapid temperature reversals are identified as a key contributory factor to the thermally driven decay observed on some of the enclaves. 相似文献
76.
David Schmidt Susanne T. Schmidt Joseph Mullis Rafael Ferreiro Mählmann Martin Frey 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,129(4):385-403
The andesitic early Oligocene Taveyanne metagreywacke of the Helvetic nappes of western Switzerland shows an increase of
metamorphic grade from zeolite facies through lower greenschist facies. Electron microprobe analysis, fluid inclusion thermometry,
stable isotope analysis, coal rank, illite and chlorite crystallinity and thermodynamic calculations were carried out to determine
metamorphic conditions. Evaluation of all techniques used in this study suggest that only combinations of different parameters
yield reliable information to constrain very low-grade metamorphic conditions. Electron microprobe analyses are presented
for actinolite, chlorite, epidote, phengite, laumontite, prehnite, pumpellyite, and titanite. With increasing metamorphic
grade, chlorite is enriched in tetrahedral Al, pumpellyite becomes poorer in Fetot and more homogeneous in chemical composition, and titanite tends to incorporate Ti at the expense of Al and Fe3+. Metamorphic P-T conditions were determined by a combination of fluid inclusion microthermobarometry, stable isotope thermometry on quartz-calcite
veins, chlorite “geothermometry” and thermodynamic calculations. Peak temperatures range from 210–250 °C for zeolite facies
to 270–300 °C for prehnite-pumpellyite facies to 300–360 °C for pumpellyite-actinolite facies. An evaluation of 289 chlorite
analyses indicates that the tetrahedral Al content is negatively correlated with the saponite component. Temperatures derived
from chlorite “geothermometry” match maximum temperature conditions mentioned above. Illite crystallinity data for shales
and slates intercalated with the Taveyanne metagreywacke indicate that the diagenetic zone correlates with the zeolite facies,
the upper anchizone with the prehnite-pumpellyite facies, and the lower epizone with the pumpellyite-actinolite facies. A
comparison of coal rank and illite crystallinity data (n=12,r=0.91) yielded R
max values of 2.9 and 5.5% for the lower and upper boundary of the anchizone, respectively.
Received: 2 August 1996 / Accepted: 16 July 1997 相似文献
77.
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79.
To characterize atmospheric particulate matter equal or less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, aerosol sampling was carried out in Puerto Rico during August and September, 2006. Aerosols were analyzed by ion chromatography for water-soluble inorganic and organic ions (including Na+, NH4 +, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, NH4 +, F?, methanesulfonate (MSA), and oxalate), by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for trace elements (Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, V, Pb, Cr, Sb, Co, Sc, Cd), and by scanning electron microscopy for individual aerosol particle composition and morphology. The results show that the dominant cations in aerosols were Na+, (mean: 631 ng m?3), accounting for 63.8 % of the total cation and NH4 + (mean: 164 ng m?3), accounting for 13.8 % of the total cation measured in this study. The main inorganic anions were Cl? (576 ng m?3, 54.1 %) and SO4 2? (596 ng m?3, 38.0 %). The main organic anion was oxalate (18 ng m?3). Crustal enrichment factor calculations identified 62 % of the trace elements measured (Cu, Ni, V, Co, Al, Mn, Fe, Sc, and Cr) with crustal origin. Single particle analysis demonstrated that 40 % of the aerosol particles examined were Cl? rich particles as sodium chloride from seawater and 34 % of the total particles were Si-rich particles, mainly in the form of aluminosilicates from dust material. Based on the combination of air-mass trajectories, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the major sources of these PM2.5 particles include marine, Saharan dust and biomass burning from West Africa; however, volcanic emissions from the Soufriere Hills in Montserrat had significant impact on aerosol composition in this region at the time of sample collection. 相似文献
80.
Maria Antonia Brovelli Marco Minghini Rafael Moreno-Sanchez Ricardo Oliveira 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2017,10(4):386-404
ABSTRACTThe development, integration, and distribution of the information and spatial data infrastructure (i.e. Digital Earth; DE) necessary to support the vision and goals of Future Earth (FE) will occur in a distributed fashion, in very diverse technological, institutional, socio-cultural, and economic contexts around the world. This complex context and ambitious goals require bringing to bear not only the best minds, but also the best science and technologies available. Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial Applications (FOSS4G) offers mature, capable and reliable software to contribute to the creation of this infrastructure. In this paper we point to a selected set of some of the most mature and reliable FOSS4G solutions that can be used to develop the functionality required as part of DE and FE. We provide examples of large-scale, sophisticated, mission-critical applications of each software to illustrate their power and capabilities in systems where they perform roles or functionality similar to the ones they could perform as part of DE and FE. We provide information and resources to assist the readers in carrying out their own assessments to select the best FOSS4G solutions for their particular contexts and system development needs. 相似文献