Simulating ground water-lake interactions: approaches and insights

Approaches for modeling lake-ground water interactions have evolved significantly from early simulations that used fixed lake stages specified as constant head to sophisticated LAK packages for MODFLOW. Although model input can be complex, the LAK package capabilities and output are superior to methods that rely on a fixed lake stage and compare well to other simple methods where lake stage can be calculated. Regardless of the approach, guidelines presented here for model grid size, location of three-dimensional flow, and extent of vertical capture can facilitate the construction of appropriately detailed models that simulate important lake-ground water interactions without adding unnecessary complexity. In addition to MODFLOW approaches, lake simulation has been formulated in terms of analytic elements. The analytic element lake package had acceptable agreement with a published LAKI problem, even though there were differences in the total lake conductance and number of layers used in the two models. The grid size used in the original LAKI problem, however, violated a grid size guideline presented in this paper. Grid sensitivity analyses demonstrated that an appreciable discrepancy in the distribution of stream and lake flux was related to the large grid size used in the original LAKI problem. This artifact is expected regardless of MODFLOW LAK package used. When the grid size was reduced, a finite-difference formulation approached the analytic element results. These insights and guidelines can help ensure that the proper lake simulation tool is being selected and applied.     

The loss of the chemical tanker Ievoli Sun in the English Channel,October 2000

A chemical product tanker, The Ievoli Sun, was abandoned and later sank approximately 11 miles NW of Alderney in the English Channel in October 2000. The vessel carried a mixed cargo comprising 4000 tonnes of styrene, and 1000 tonnes each of methyl ethyl ketone and isopropyl alcohol. These chemicals are of low to moderate toxicity to aquatic life, are not persistent and have a low potential for bio-accumulation. Both of the solvents are miscible in water, whilst styrene is practically insoluble and, following release, it will rise to the sea surface and rapidly evaporate. More than 1000 tonnes of styrene are believed to have been lost to sea during the incident, resulting in an aerial plume of vapour which crossed Alderney and episodic contamination of air and water in the immediate vicinity of the wreck site. Analysis of edible tissues using coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry demonstrated low-level styrene contamination of crabs recovered from pots laid very close to the wreck site prior to the incident. These concentrations posed no risks to human consumers, and no fishery controls were implemented. The remainder of the styrene and the ship's main bunker fuel were recovered from the wreck on the seabed, whilst the two chemical solvents were released to the water column in a slow, controlled manner.     

香港中生代同源深成岩和火山岩套的地球化学

香港中朱罗世一早白垩世中酸性深成岩和火山岩的组分,随着时间的移从钙碱性向高钾钙碱性及过渡型橄榄粗玄质演化。同源的火山岩－深成岩在空间和时间上的密切关系表明,岩浆作用呈不连续的动脉式发生,每次脉动幼大部分少于１００万ａ。     

GIS空间通用语言界面的开发

本文考察了地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）用户界面问题，概述了现行界面的不足，定义了从数据库到用户相关的通用语言界面（如ＵＧＩＸ），数据库通讯方法以及与这种交互形式相应的屏幕提示，本文认为ＧＩＳ界面应当是符合用户习惯并且以结构查询语言（ＳＱＬ）高级空间扩展形式为基础，这种结构有可能在现有的空间数据库上执行ＵＧＩＸ。     

Rank-size distribution and primate city characteristics in India — A temporal analysis

This paper is an analysis of the historical change in city size distribution in India from the perspectives provided by Zipf and Jefferson. Rank-size distribution at national level and primate city-size distribution at regional levels are examined. India's national urban system is gradually evolving towards Zipf's rank-size distribution. But primate cities have persisted in three of the four macro-regions in India. The paper also examines, in the Indian context, the relation between rank-size distribution and an integrated urban system, and the normative nature of the latter as a spatial organization of human society. Finally, we have made a modest attempt to locate the research on city-size distribution, especially Berry's system-theoretic interpretation of rank-size distribution, on the realm of the political economy of urbanization.