Comments on a Paper by Jon. D. Woodhead Titled 'The Origin of Geochemical Variations in Mariana Lavas: a General Model for Petrogenesis in Intra-oceanic Island Arcs?'

A general model for andesite genesis in intra-oceanic arcs involvingmagnetite fractionation has been proposed. Such a model is notconsistent with the low abundance of cumulate magnetite in gabbroicxenoliths in the Marianas and other arcs, and with the generallylow normative magnetite contents of Marianas lavas. Fractionationmodels involving magnetite consistently overestimate incompatibleelement abundances, and underestimate compatible Cr abundance.Magnetite fraction ation models offer no ready means of explainingeither the ubiquitous evidence for mineralogic disequilibriain arc rocks of all types, or the consistent correlation ofFeO*/MgO ratio and K₂O content in Marianas andesites.     

A history of vegetation and fire, 6,600 B.P. to present, County Sligo, western Ireland

Dodson, John R. & Bradshaw, Richard H. W. 1987 06 01: A history of vegetation and fire, 6,600 B.P. to present, County Sligo, western Ireland. Boreas , Vol. 16, pp. 113–123. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
Two lake sites on metamorphic rocks with small catchments and one mor humus deposit have been analysed to assess the relative influences of fire, man and climate upon the regional and local vegetation of the Lough Gill region of County Sligo. The vegetation of the area was dominated by mixed woodland from 6,600 B.P. to 600 B.P. The first evidence of human impact on the forests was around 5,400 B.P. in the form of clearance for pasture. The intensity of human impact varied between sites, and there were periods of forest recovery as well as decline. From 600 B.P. widespread forest destruction took place, and pasture with heathland became predominant. Pinus sylvestris had a major presence until about 5,400 B.P. It declined from this time and had a patchy distribution by 2,000 B.P. The decline of Pinus was linked with the expansion of treeless peatland in what are presumed to be wet periods, and Pinus recovery in drier periods. Fire may have encouraged the spread of heathland at the expense of Pinus . Arbutus unedo pollen was found at Slish Lake as early as 1,900 B.P., suggesting that it is native to this area. Isolated trees survive today at woodland edges. Charcoal particles occurred in all the profiles. Fire was particularly associated with heathland communities, and may have been used as a management tool to improve grazing conditions. Some of the phases of woodland decline correlate strongly with charcoal input suggesting forest destruction by fire.     

Diagnosing cyclogenesis by partitioning energy and potential enstrophy in a linear quasi‐geostrophic model

Baroclinic development is studied with 2 linear, quasi‐geostrophic models. One model is the Eady model, the other uses more realistic wind, density, Coriolis, and static stability. Initial‐value solutions are diagnosed using time series of potential enstrophy ( H ), total energy ( E ), the components of H and E , and the amplitude norm. Two vertical structures for the initial condition are used for both models. One initial condition is representative of a class of initial conditions studied previously having enhanced nonmodal growth (NG). The other initial condition approximates observed conditions prior to cyclogenesis. Results are shown for the most unstable normal mode wavelength of each model. The growth rates of the components of H and E evolve quite differently for different initial states and models tested. NG in H is shown to be sensitive to the contribution of the boundary potential vorticity (BPV) of the initial state; small adjustments in eddy structure at the boundary significantly alter BPV and H growth rates. The amount of NG is related to how far BPV present initially differs from the asymptotic normal mode. The effect upon NG of each approximation present in the Eady model (but not in the other model) are considered. Using realistic mean flow shear, static stability, or compressibility can significantly reduce NG but including linearly varying Coriolis parameter did not. Two conceptual models of NG are considered. Growth by increasingly favorable superposition remains relevant. Growth by "tilting into the vertical" is shown to be incorrect.     

Reconstructing P–T paths during continental collision using multi-stage garnet (Gran Paradiso nappe, Western Alps)

Garnet–chloritoid-bearing micaschists from the Gran Paradiso massif (Western Alps) contain evidence of a polymetamorphic evolution. Detailed textural observations reveal that two stages of garnet growth are present in the micaschists, interpreted as: (i) relics of an early metamorphism of pre-Alpine age and (ii) newly grown Alpine garnet, respectively. Both generations of garnet preserve growth zoning. From thermocalc -based numerical modelling of mineral assemblages in pressure–temperature ( P – T ) pseudosections, we infer that garnet 1 grew at increasing temperature and slightly increasing pressure, whereas garnet 2 grew at decreasing pressure and slightly increasing temperature. Estimated P – T conditions are ∼620 °C, 6 kbar for the peak of the pre-Alpine event, and of 490 °C, 18–20 kbar for the pressure peak of the Alpine event. Modelling of the modal proportion and chemical composition of garnet (i) shows that the subsequent decompression (to 14–15 kbar at 550 °C) must have been accompanied by moderate heating and (ii) does not support a stage of final temperature increase following decompressional cooling. This argues against a late thermal pulse associated with mantle delamination. Preservation of growth zoning in both generations of garnet and the limited amount of diffusive re-equilibration at the boundary between the two garnets suggests that the rocks were subjected to fast burial and exhumation rates, consistent with data obtained from other internal Alpine units.     

常压酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽

常压酸溶法因溶矿效率高、成本低、检出限低,在地质实验室被广泛应用,但采用常用的氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸四酸法处理样品,铌钽溶出率低,铌钽在容器壁发生水解和聚合反应导致其部分吸附或沉降,从而使测试结果偏低。因此,应用常压酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽,需要解决的两个关键问题是铌钽的溶出率和试液中铌钽的水解。针对溶出率的不足,本方法在酸体系中引入硫酸,即氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸-硫酸可以完全将铌钽溶出;针对水解,采用5%氢氟酸-5%硫酸-5%过氧化氢为提取剂,并采取与样品前处理相同分析流程的标准物质制作曲线,这两个方法相结合能有效抑制样品溶液中铌钽的水解,同时标准物质制作曲线法降低了ICP-MS分析中的样品溶液与标准溶液基体不一致引起的误差。本方法经国家标准物质验证,相对误差小于±7%,相对标准偏差在3.11%~6.27%之间(n=11),铌钽的检出限分别为0.04μg/g和0.03μg/g,相比于碱熔法检出限0.33μg/g具有明显优势,可以准确测定地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽。     

广西西大明山弄屯铅锌矿床的成矿流体特征及矿床成因指示意义

弄屯矿床发育在华南钦杭成矿带西南端广西境内,它是近年来广西在大规模找矿勘查中新发现的一处大型铅锌矿床。野外地质调查发现,弄屯矿床铅锌矿体主要呈脉状和似层状充填于断裂破碎带中,矿体产状严格受断裂控制,矿体及围岩中硅化和碳酸盐化蚀变大量发育。依据矿物组合及脉体穿插关系,矿床中的热液流体活动可划分为4个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、闪锌矿-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、铅锌硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)。流体包裹体岩相学观察表明,矿床中主要发育气液两相包裹体和单相水溶液包裹体,仅在Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段出现少量富气相包裹体。显微测温分析表明,由早阶段至晚阶段流体包裹体均-温度和盐度逐步降低,分别为276~342℃(Ⅰ)、209~301℃(Ⅱ)、140~272℃(Ⅲ)和116~172℃(Ⅳ),对应盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))分别为8.81%~15.07%(Ⅰ)、5.26%~11.58%(Ⅱ)、3.23%~9.98%(Ⅲ)和0.88%~4.34%(Ⅳ)。与国内外典型铅锌矿床的流体包裹体参数对比,弄屯矿床的成矿流体特征与SEDEX型、MVT和Skam型铅锌矿床明显不同,而与热液脉型矿床十分相似,结合该矿床产于细碎屑岩建造并且受断裂构造控制等一系列的证据,将弄屯矿床定为热液脉型铅锌矿床。氢同位素(δD=-97‰~-54‰)和氧同位素(δ~(18)O_(H_2O)=0.98‰~3.83‰)证据指示,成矿期流体与岩浆源流体具有一定的亲缘关系。从早成矿阶段到晚成矿阶段,成矿流体的温度、盐度出现同步降低的演化趋势,暗示了岩浆源流体与天水流体的混合作用可能是矿质沉淀的主要机制。