Origin of Paleoproterozoic Komatiites at Jeesiorova, Kittila Greenstone Complex, Finnish Lapland

Komatiites from the 2 Ga Jeesiörova area in Finnish Laplandhave subchondritic Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratios like those in Al-depletedkomatiites from Barberton, South Africa. They are distinct inthat their Al abundances are higher than those of the Al-depletedrocks and similar to levels in Al-undepleted komatiites. Moderatelyincompatible elements such as Ti, Zr, Eu, and Gd are enriched.Neither majorite fractionation nor hydrous melting in a supra-subductionzone setting could have produced these komatiites. Their highconcentrations of moderately incompatible elements may haveresulted from contamination of their parental melt through interactionwith metasomatic assemblages in the lithospheric mantle or enrichmentof their mantle source in basaltic melt components. Re–Osisotope data for chromite from the Jeesiörova rocks yieldan average initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os of 0·1131 ± 0·0006(2), _Os(I) = 0·1 ± 0·5. These data, coupledwith an initial _Nd of +4, indicate that melt parental to thekomatiites interacted minimally with ancient lithospheric mantle.If their mantle source was enriched in a basaltic component,the combined Os–Nd isotopic data limit the enrichmentprocess to within 200 Myr prior to the formation of the komatiites.Their Os–Nd isotopic composition is consistent with derivationfrom the contemporaneous convecting upper mantle. KEY WORDS: Finnish Lapland; Jeesiörova; komatiites; mantle geochemistry; petrogenesis; redox state; Re/Os isotopes; Ti enrichment     

注浆材料和预制裂纹缺陷角度对类岩石试件单轴抗压强度及破坏模式的影响

选用环氧树脂和纯水泥浆作为注浆材料,对含不同角度和不同注浆材料裂隙试样进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,注浆材料和裂纹缺陷角度对类岩石试件单轴抗压强度及破坏模式具有重要影响;环氧树脂加固效果优于纯水泥浆,环氧树脂可以有效地消除预制裂纹尖端的应力集中;在裂纹缺陷角度很小( <30°)和角度很大( =90°)的情况下无论裂隙是注环氧树脂还是纯水泥浆,注浆效果都不明显,当 =60°时两种注浆材料的加固效果都很好。提出滑动裂纹模型,对注浆裂隙进行力学分析发现,含注浆裂隙试样的抗压强度随着注浆材料和完整材料胶结面摩擦系数和黏聚力的增大而增大,不同注浆材料和完整材料胶结面的摩擦系数和黏聚力不同,解释了为什么不同的注浆材料对注浆试样强度提升作用不同。研究成果为分析工程中注浆材料和裂纹缺陷角度对岩体强度的影响提供了一定的理论基础。     

应用基于纹理的面向对象分类模糊方法提取水田信息

针对面向对象分类方法进行图像处理时出现大量冗余多边形及其分类结果出现斑点等不足,提出基于纹理特征的分割方法。先对原始图像进行纹理增强、主成分分析、低通滤波和图像分割等预处理,得到原始图像的纹理特征二值图;将二值图作为独立波段与其他波段进行假彩色合成,得到纹理增强图,再对其进行多尺度分割和模糊分类。以南京市浦口区2002年9月SPOT图像为例,分别利用上述两种方法提取图像中的水田信息,基于纹理特征的分割方法克服了面向对象分类方法的不足,并且由于在进行模糊分类时分割出的对象大量减少,一定程度上减小了确定模糊区间的难度,较好地提取出水田信息,提高了图像的分类精度。     

MEAN AND VARIANCE CHANGE IN CLIMATE SCENARIOS: METHODS, AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS, AND MEASURES OF UNCERTAINTY

Our central goal is to determine the importance of including both mean and variability changes in climate change scenarios in an agricultural context. By adapting and applying a stochastic weather generator, we first tested the sensitivity of the CERES-Wheat model to combinations of mean and variability changes of temperature and precipitation for two locations in Kansas. With a 2°C increase in temperature with daily (and interannual) variance doubled, yields were further reduced compared to the mean only change. In contrast, the negative effects of the mean temperature increase were greatly ameliorated by variance decreased by one-half. Changes for precipitation are more complex, since change in variability naturally attends change in mean, and constraining the stochastic generator to mean change only is highly artificial. The crop model is sensitive to precipitation variance increases with increased mean and variance decreases with decreased mean. With increased mean precipitation and a further increase in variability Topeka (where wheat cropping is not very moisture limited) experiences decrease in yield after an initial increase from the 'mean change only case. At Goodland Kansas, a moisture-limited site where summer fallowing is practiced, yields are decreased with decreased precipitation, but are further decreased when variability is further reduced. The range of mean and variability changes to which the crop model is sensitive are within the range of changes found in regional climate modeling (RegCM) experiments for a CO₂ doubling (compared to a control run experiment). We then formed two types of climate change scenarios based on the changes in climate found in the control and doubled CO₂ experiments over the conterminous U. S. of RegCM: (1) one using only mean monthly changes in temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation; and (2) another that included these mean changes plus changes in daily (and interannual) variability. The scenarios were then applied to the CERES-Wheat model at four locations (Goodland, Topeka, Des Moines, Spokane) in the United States. Contrasting model responses to the two scenarios were found at three of the four sites. At Goodland, and Des Moines mean climate change increased mean yields and decreased yield variability, but the mean plus variance climate change reduced yields to levels closer to their base (unchanged) condition. At Spokane mean climate change increased yields, which were somewhat further increased with climate variability change. Three key aspects that contribute to crop response are identified: the marginality of the current climate for crop growth, the relative size of the mean and variance changes, and timing of these changes. Indices for quantifying uncertainty in the impact assessment were developed based on the nature of the climate scenario formed, and the magnitude of difference between model and observed values of relevant climate variables.     

Chemical composition of the background aerosol at two sites in southwestern and northwestern China: potential influences of regional transport

Concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), selected trace elements and water-soluble (WS) ions were determined for samples collected from August 2004 to February 2005 to assess the aerosol background at two remote sites in China. The OC and EC concentrations in PM₁₀ from near the Tibetan Plateau at Zhuzhang (ZUZ) were comparable with other background sites, averaging 3.1 and 0.34 μg m⁻³, respectively, with no pronounced seasonality. At Akdala (AKD) on northern margin of the Zhungaer Basin, the average concentrations were similar (mean OC = 2.9 μg m⁻³ and EC = 0.35 μg m⁻³), but the concentrations were higher in winter. The aerosol mass at both sites was dominated by OC and SO₄²⁻, but a stronger contribution from soil dust was observed at AKD. At ZUZ, NO₃⁻ showed a unique weather-related fluctuation in PM₁₀ with a periodicity of ∼1 week. Anthropogenic sources in the Sichuan Basin and southeastern Yunnan Province evidently influence ZUZ in summer and autumn while pollutants from Russia and the China–Mongolia border affect AKD nearly all year. The identification of these upwind sources demonstrates that transboundary transport needs to be taken into account when assessing air quality in remote parts of China.     

江西银山铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

银山铅锌矿床产于前震旦系地层中 ,容矿围岩主要为千枚岩 ,矿体呈脉状受构造裂隙控制。流体包裹体及同位素研究表明金属元素及硫主要来自上地幔 ,流体主要是岩浆水。矿床属中低温岩浆热液矿床 ,为燕山期成矿     

广西右江褶皱带东南缘西大明山矿集区燕山期酸性岩浆锆石U Pb年龄、Hf同位素和Ce(IV)/Ce(III)特征

广西西大明山多金属矿集区位于右江褶皱带东南缘。LA ICP MS锆石 U Pb定年结果显示,区内那宁石英斑岩脉、罗维隐伏二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩岩体的侵位年龄分别为(9311±064)Ma、(9292±069)Ma和(925±11)Ma,说明三者都形成于晚白垩世。Hf同位素组成结果显示,石英斑岩中锆石εHf(t)值变化于-184～-12之间,两阶段模式年龄变化于1 236～2 326 Ma之间。二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩锆石εHf(t)值分别为-194～+03和-122～-36,两阶段模式年龄分别变化于1 139～2 385 Ma和1 386～1 933 Ma,表明它们主要来源于中元古代末期增生的地壳组分与少量古元古代地壳地质的共同熔融。通过与右江褶皱带周缘岩浆岩带锆石Hf同位素特征对比,认为右江褶皱带周缘岩浆岩可能具有一致的物源。二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩中锆石的Ce(IV)/Ce(Ⅲ)比值平均值分别为2365和3376,说明罗维隐伏岩体具有较低的氧逸度。通过对比右江褶皱带周缘前人的成矿年代学及同位素研究,显示该区成岩成矿时间较短(92～95 Ma),形成于晚白垩世区域伸展构造体制下,右江褶皱带岩石圈发生松弛和伸展垮塌,导致中元古代和少量古元古代地壳发生部分熔融,形成大规模岩浆作用。结合右江褶皱带周缘岩浆带大地构造位置及成岩时代,认为右江褶皱带燕山期岩浆岩的形成可能受到太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域双重作用,可能以后者为主。     

三峡库区望霞危岩体孕灾地质环境条件分析

危岩体是一种典型的灾害地质体,其形成、变形与破坏受控于地质环境条件,地质基础要素在孕灾的过程中起着决定性作用,各基本地质要素与灾害形成的关系是研究危岩体变形规律和破坏机理的关键性问题。通过对三峡库区望霞危岩体区域地质构造作用分析,横石溪背斜构造解析,各类地质结构面发育特征统计和危岩体岩性组合方式及工程地质条件剖析,结合危岩体两次变形破坏过程,分析各因素对危岩体的形成及变形的关系。研究认为:孕育望霞危岩体的横石溪背斜雏形形成于印支期的隆升阶段,至燕山主期形成褶皱主体,后期则以继承性改造为主,危岩体的形成及孕育主要集中在背斜核部区域,枢纽位置尤为发育。控制危岩体变形的5条关键裂缝与顶部发育的"V"字形裂缝关系密切,其是在纵弯褶皱作用下背斜顶部脆性岩层受到强烈的拉裂影响,叠加台阶式层间滑动作用,形成与轴面近于平行的拉张裂缝。在望霞危岩体中发育多组地质结构面,其中原生结构面对各条关键裂缝及关键块体提供基础背景值,控制其规模、范围及变形强度。控制着变形关键部位特别是前缘软弱层变形位置、牵引区段及强烈程度。构造结构面主要控制关键裂缝的延伸方向、距离及样式,控制关键块体的变形方向,裂解范围及规模,掉块及崩裂位置,控制危岩体底部关键部位即压张裂缝的形成位置、张开度及位移方向。次生结构面主要控制后缘变形区,对各条关键裂缝控制其继承性变形,控制关键块体扩张,对岩体裂解破坏至关重要。同时,望霞危岩体在地层岩性上构成了典型的硬—软—硬岩性组合,为危岩体的变形提供了地质结构组合条件,其底部大面积的采空区控制着危岩体整体滑塌变形。     

不同时期刈割对互花米草生长影响的研究

采用不同时期对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)进行齐地面刈割的方法,通过对互花米草株高和株数的测定和比较,确定了有效控制互花米草扩张的刈割时期.研究结果表明:①月22日对互花米草的刈割处理显著促进了互花米草株数的增加,但对其最终平均株高未产生影响.5月22日的刈割处理下,虽然互花米草在株高上略高于对照(未刈割)处理,但处理后其株数大大减少,与对照处理相比有明显差异.6月21日和7月21日的刈割处理,不仅使互花米草株高降低,也使其株数减少;尤其是7月21日的刈割处理下,互花米草的株数和株高都与对照处理有非常明显的差异.8月20日和9月19日的刈割处理,极大促进了互花米草的再萌发和再生长.②5～7月的刈割处理,可以有效减少互花米草的活根生物量;而4月和8～9月的各刈割处理,增加了互花米草的活根生物量,其中4月22日的刈割处理与对照处理相比,显著促进了互花米草活根生物量的增加.各刈割处理都会造成互花米草死根生物量的增加.③有效控制互花米草种群扩张的刈割时期是6～7月互花米草的穗分化期、孕穗期至抽穗期.