注浆材料和预制裂纹缺陷角度对类岩石试件单轴抗压强度及破坏模式的影响

选用环氧树脂和纯水泥浆作为注浆材料,对含不同角度和不同注浆材料裂隙试样进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,注浆材料和裂纹缺陷角度对类岩石试件单轴抗压强度及破坏模式具有重要影响;环氧树脂加固效果优于纯水泥浆,环氧树脂可以有效地消除预制裂纹尖端的应力集中;在裂纹缺陷角度很小( <30°)和角度很大( =90°)的情况下无论裂隙是注环氧树脂还是纯水泥浆,注浆效果都不明显,当 =60°时两种注浆材料的加固效果都很好。提出滑动裂纹模型,对注浆裂隙进行力学分析发现,含注浆裂隙试样的抗压强度随着注浆材料和完整材料胶结面摩擦系数和黏聚力的增大而增大,不同注浆材料和完整材料胶结面的摩擦系数和黏聚力不同,解释了为什么不同的注浆材料对注浆试样强度提升作用不同。研究成果为分析工程中注浆材料和裂纹缺陷角度对岩体强度的影响提供了一定的理论基础。     

温度对东北草原区亚洲飞蝗孵化的影响

为了阐明东北草原亚洲飞蝗孵化进程与热量条件的关系,利用人工气候箱进行了温度和积温对亚洲飞蝗越冬卵孵化影响的试验研究。结果表明：出蝻数、出蝻率、累积出蝻数、累积出蝻率均随日平均气温升高而增大。日最低温度连续3 d稳定通过25 ℃时,蝗虫开始萌动、孵化;在26.0 ℃左右时孵化最快。低于25.0 ℃时,蝗虫出蝻速率缓慢。25.0 ℃以上有效积温达到11.6 ℃•d,活动积温达到211.6 ℃•d时,蝗卵开始孵化出土。当有效积温增加到20 ℃•d,活动积温320 ℃•d后,孵化速度回落,紧接着达到第二个孵化小高峰,然后孵化过程结束。     

天然海藻絮凝剂海藻酸钠回收带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质的研究

采用海藻酸钠絮凝剂法、双缩脲法、重铬酸钾回流氧化等方法,研究了回收带鱼鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质的最佳条件,以期为鱼糜漂洗液蛋白质的利用提供参考。结果表明,海藻酸钠回收带鱼鱼糜漂洗液蛋白质的最佳条件为:海藻酸钠添加量为1.11mg/ml,鱼糜漂洗液蛋白浓度16.54mg/ml,pH4.6,温度4℃,处理时间20min;在此条件下蛋白质回收率达86.68%,COD去除率达58.67%。实验表明海藻酸钠对鱼糜漂洗液蛋白质去除效果非常显著。     

GROWTH OF CRUSTOSE LICHENS: A REVIEW

Crustose species are the slowest growing of all lichens. Their slow growth and longevity, especially of the yellow-green Rhizocarpon group, has made them important for surface-exposure dating (lichenometry). This review considers various aspects of the growth of crustose lichens revealed by direct measurement including: 1) early growth and development; 2) radial growth rates (RGR, mm yr⁻¹); 3) the growth rate–size curve; and 4) the influence of environmental factors. Many crustose species comprise discrete areolae that contain the algal partner growing on the surface of a non-lichenized fungal hypothallus. Recent data suggest that 'primary' areolae may develop from free-living algal cells on the substratum while 'secondary' areolae develop from zoospores produced within the thallus. In more extreme environments, the RGR of crustose species may be exceptionally slow but considerably faster rates of growth have been recorded under more favourable conditions. The growth curves of crustose lichens with a marginal hypothallus may differ from the 'asymptotic' type of curve recorded in foliose and placodioid species; the latter are characterized by a phase of increasing RGR to a maximum and may be followed by a phase of decreasing growth. The decline in RGR in larger thalli may be attributable to a reduction in the efficiency of translocation of carbohydrate to the thallus margin or to an increased allocation of carbon to support mature 'reproductive' areolae. Crustose species have a low RGR accompanied by a low demand for nutrients and an increased allocation of carbon for stress resistance; therefore enabling colonization of more extreme environments.     

THE USE OF LICHEN GROWTH RINGS IN LICHENOMETRY: SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

Certain species of crustose lichens have concentrically zoned margins which probably represent yearly growth rings. These marginal growth rings offer an alternative method of studying annual growth fluctuations, establishing growth rate–size curves, and determining the age of thalli for certain crustose species. Hence, marginal growth rings represent a potentially valuable, unexploited, tool in lichenometry. In a preliminary study, we measured the widths of the successive marginal rings in 25 thalli of Ochrolechia parella (L.) Massal., growing at a maritime site in north Wales. Mean ring widths of all thalli varied from a minimum of 1.02 mm (the outermost ring) to a maximum of 2.06 mm (the third ring from the margin). There is some suggestion that marginal ring width and thallus size are positively correlated; and hence that growth rates increase in larger thalli in this small population. In a further study on recently exposed bedrock adjacent to Breiðarlon, SE Iceland, we examined the potential for using marginal growth rings to estimate thallus age of a lichen tentatively identified as a Rhizocarpon (possibly R. concentricum (Davies) Beltram.) and thus confirm the timing of surface exposure ( c. 50 years). Collectively, these results suggest: 1) the measurement of marginal rings is a possible alternative method of studying the growth of crustose lichens; 2) O. parella may grow differently to other crustose species, exhibiting a rapidly increasing radial growth rate in thalli >40 mm; 3) where lichens with marginal rings grow on recently exposed surfaces (<60 yrs), minimum age estimates can be made using growth rings as an in situ indication of lichen growth rate; 4) it is suggested that this phenomenon could provide a valuable, previously unexploited, in situ lichenometric-dating tool in areas lacking calibration control.     

不同时期刈割对互花米草根系生理影响的研究

于2007年4～9月期问,在泉州湾河口湿地生长互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的滩涂上,采用不同时期对互花米草进行齐地面刈割的方法,测定互花米草根系生理指标,探讨不同时期刈割对互花米草根系生理产生的影响及机制,为利用物理方法治理互花米草奠定理论基础.结果表明,5月22日和7月21日的刈割使互花米草根系可溶性总精含量总体保持在较低的水平,而4月22日、8月20日和9月19日的刈割虽然也造成根系可溶性总糖含量变低,但其比5～7月刈割后根系可溶性总糖含量高很多;4～7月刈割导致互花米草根系代谢急剧减缓,尤其6～7月刈割使根系活力同比下降了90.58%～92.17%,而8月和9月的刈割则促进了根系代谢,表现为根系活力提高;各刈割处理都会引起互花米草根系游离氨基酸含量增加,5～7月刈割使根系游离氨基酸增加量最大;5～8月刈割使根系可溶性蛋白质含量增加,而4月22日和9月19日的刈割使根系的可溶性蛋白质含量减少;4月22日和7月21日刈割使互花米草根系活性氧清除系统保护酶活性下降,根系活性氧清除系统的功能减弱,而5月22日、6月21日、8月20日和9月19日刈割后,互花米草根系活性氧清除系统保护酶活性上升,根系活性氧清除系统的功能增强.7月刈割互花米草能有效控制互花米草的扩散.     

Contemporary terminal-moraine ridge formation at a temperate glacier: Styggedalsbreen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway

Terminal-moraine ridges up to 6 m high have been forming at the snout of Styggedalsbreen for two decades. Based on intermittent observations during this period, combined with a detailed study of ridge morphology, sedimentary structures and composition during the 1993 field season, a model of terminal-moraine formation that involves the interaction of glacial and glacio-fluvial processes at a seasonally oscillating ice margin is presented. In winter, subglacial debris is frozen-on to the glacier sole; in summer, ice-marginal and supraglacial streams deposit sediments on the wasting ice tongue. The ice tongue overrides an embryonic moraine ridge during a late-winter advance and a double layer of sediment (diamicton overlain by sorted sands and gravels) is added to the moraine ridge during the subsequent ablation season. Particular ridges grow incrementally over many years and exert positive feedback by enhancing snout up-arching during the winter advance and constraining the course of summer meltwater streams close to the ice margin. The double-layer annual-meltout model is related to moraine formation by the stacking of subglacial frozen-on sediment slabs (Krüger 1993). Moraine ridges of this type have a complex origin. are not push moraines, and may be characteristic of dynamic high-latitude and high-altitude temperate glaciers.