Structure of a silica diagenetic transformation zone: the Gjallar Ridge,offshore Norway

Three‐dimensional seismic data from the Gjallar Ridge were used together with X‐ray diffraction data, scientific boreholes and wireline logs to analyse the seismic structure of a silica diagenetic transformation zone. The following features were identified: (i) an interval some 150 to 300 m thick that contains anomalously high‐amplitude reflections; (ii) a strong reflection event at the top of this interval which cross‐cuts stratigraphy, interpreted as the transformation boundary between opal‐A‐rich and opal‐CT‐rich sediment; (iii) amplitude variations on stratigraphic reflections within the interval, attributed to variations in the proportions of opal‐A and opal‐CT; and (iv) a second, deeper, cross‐cutting reflection event within the interval, interpreted as the transformation boundary between opal‐CT‐rich and quartz‐rich sediment. The base of the interval containing the anomalously high‐amplitude reflections is interpreted as a stratigraphic reflection demarcating the base of the silica‐rich strata. On a stratigraphic reflection within the interval of high amplitudes, roughly circular regions of anomalously high amplitude with diameters of 0·8 to 2·5 km are separated by lower amplitude regions. This pattern is similar to the cells previously identified at the opal‐A to opal‐CT transformation boundary and probably results from more complete transformation of opal‐A to opal‐CT. All of these observations provide the first recognition from seismic data that silica diagenetic transformations are not always narrow boundaries represented by single cross‐cutting seismic reflection events, as implied previously, but can be heterogeneous and hundreds of metres in thickness, as observed at outcrop.     

Pb (II) Sorption with Calcite: A Radiotracer Study

A ²¹⁰Pb radiotracer was used to monitor Pb solid-aqueousphase partitioning in sorption experiments at ambient temperature, pH = 8.2, and atmospheric PCO₂ in 0.15 M NaNO₃ solutions. A 24 h isotherm is linear up to Pb concentrations of 4 × 10^-6 M, above which an increase in slope suggests precipitation. The effect of Pb concentration, calcite loading, and ionic strength on Pb sorption with time was monitored. Sorption kinetics are rapid, followed by a slower sorption step.At a constant calcite loading500 mg L^-1,fractional sorptiondecreases with increasing initialPb concentration. The reverse isobserved for surface coverage, with0.6, 5.6 and 40.2% of availableCa²⁺sites occupied at10^-8,10^-7 and10^-6 MPb after 96 h. At a constant Pb concentration of10^-6 M,fractional sorption increases with increasing particleloading, however surface coverage decrease with72.5 and 22.1%Ca²⁺sites occupied at 100 and200 mg L^-1calcite after 96 h.The adsorption coefficient (K_d) is approximately 10³,increases with initial Pb concentration, but remains unaffected by variable calcite loading. Absence of an ionic strength effect on Pb sorption is interpreted as the dominance of inner-sphere complexation. For desorption experiments conducted over a range of initial sorption times, an average desorption index > 0.8 but < 1 indicates that sorption is largely reversible, but is accompanied by slight incorporation. Solid-solution formation increases with time, as observed by slower initial desorption rates for samples with longer sorption times. These findings indicate that Pb may be effectively sequestered by calcite; however re-release via desorption is likely as Pb does not become significantly incorporated into the mineral structure.     

南海北部初级生产力的物理-生物海洋学耦合特征及其对固碳量的影响

通过修订的VGPM模型,利用南海北部7年平均SeaWiFS和AVHRR遥感资料,分析了该海域河口上升流及反气旋涡等生境表层叶绿素浓度和初级生产力的周年变化,结果表明,季风驱动下的物理一生物海洋学耦合过程是控制研究海域浮游植物生物量和初级生产力时空变化的主导因素.浮游植物生物量和初级生产力随着季风、环流以及中尺度涡等物理...     

南海北部及珠江口细菌生产力研究

2004年2~3月和2004年8~9月两个航次中对珠江口及南海北部海域的异养浮游细菌生物量、生产力及其调控机制进行了观测研究.结果表明,营养物质的供应对调查区域真光层水体内的细菌生物量和生产力起着主要控制作用,从而导致冬季航次珠江口-陆架-外海调查断面表层细菌生物量和生产力呈现沿盐度梯度向外海逐渐降低的特征.就南海北部调查区域而言,冬季真光层异养细菌生物量(C)平均为(712±290)mg/m2,夏季平均为(937±397)mg/m2;真光层细菌生产力(C)冬季平均为(65.1±42.8)mg/(m2·d),夏季平均(52.5±28.6)mg/(m2·d).本调查中,南海北部海区IBP和IPP比值范围是4%~96%,平均为26%,IBP和IPP比值与初级生产力呈负相关,其分布特征与新生产力f比的分布趋势相反,显示了异养细菌在真光层物质循环过程中所发挥的作用在南海近岸富营养海域和外海寡营养海域之间的差异.     

右江褶皱带东南缘西大明山矿集区燕山期长英质岩浆锆石SHRIMP原位氧同位素组成与地质意义

右江褶皱带晚白垩世岩浆岩的物质来源和成因机制及其相关的大规模Sn-W多金属成矿作用是目前研究的热点和前沿问题之一。本文在已获得锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素基础上,对广西西大明山地区酸性岩浆进行了锆石SHRIMP氧同位素研究。石英斑岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.31‰~9.31‰(平均值为7.61±2.17‰)、绢英岩化黑云母花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为7.11‰~9.79‰(平均值为8.36±1.33‰)、细粒黑云母花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.06‰~9.27‰(平均值为7.73±2.23‰)、中粒黑云母花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.06‰~9.27‰(平均值为7.73±2.23‰)二长花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.48‰~10.99‰(平均值为7.55±2.77‰)。测试结果显示广西西大明山地区酸性岩浆锆石氧同位素普遍具有双峰式分布特征且Hf-O同位素组成构成负相关性,暗示地壳组份和富集地幔两端元混合的特征。Hf-O同位素特征指示酸性岩浆岩源主要来自古老的地壳,并混有部分幔源物质。地幔物质的存在暗示了同时期来自地幔的物质不仅参与右江褶皱带晚白垩世岩浆作用的形成,可能为的地壳部分熔融,花岗岩岩浆的形成提供了热能。西大明山地区酸性岩浆具有高δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值和低ε_(Hf)(t)值且低Ce(Ⅳ)/Ce(Ⅲ)比值(即低氧逸度),显示出有利于形成大型以Pb-Zn为主的矽卡岩型矿床特征。本文研究结果表明,锆石O-Hf同位素综合研究能限定幔源岩浆参与花岗岩形成中的作用能帮助更加准确的限定岩浆源区。同时锆石氧同位素可以作为成矿规律研究的有效途径之一。     

2004年冬季南海北部浮游植物

根据2004年2月在南海北部海域陆架区的采样调查,对南海北部Uterm hl浮游植物的群落结构进行了研究.初步研究结果表明,本次调查共发现浮游植物5门106属198种(不包括20种未定种).调查期内,南海浮游植物以硅藻为主,甲藻次之,以颗石藻为主要组份的金藻和固氮蓝藻也占有相当的比例,绿藻仅在珠江口个别站位被检出.菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides Grunow)、佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauen feldii(Grunow) Hallegraeff)、贺胥黎艾氏颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi(Lohmann) Hay et Mohler)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia delicatissma Heiden)、长海毛藻(Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow)、海洋桥球石藻(Gephyrocapsa oceanica Kamptner)、具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum Stein)、具槽帕拉藻[Paraliasulcata(Ehrenberg) Cleve]和旋沟藻(Gyrodiniumspirale Bergh)为群落的优势种.南海北部浮游植物以广温、广布型为主,其次是暖水性种,热带、亚热带和冷水性种都较少.调查区浮游植物的细胞丰度介于3.8~2 810.3个/cm3,平均值为206.4个/cm3;浮游植物垂直分布总体特点是密集区位于水体表层,由水体表层到底层,细胞丰度逐渐减少;表层浮游植物细胞丰度的平面分布高值区位于调查区珠江口南部和南部海域.浮游植物群落的多样性分析显示调查海域中部的多样性较高,近岸和外海区则较低.应用典范对应分析(CCA)发现盐度和光照的梯度分布是影响南海北部浮游植物物种分布格局最重要的因素,磷酸盐和温度的梯度分布也起一定的作用.根据CCA的分析结果,将海区浮游植物物种划分为5个组,分别为:Ⅰ.高温度、高盐度、高光照和低营养盐组;Ⅱ.高温度和高光照组;Ⅲ.高磷酸盐和硅酸盐组;Ⅳ.低光强高盐度荫生物种组;Ⅴ.高硝酸盐组.     

Long-distance transported Pinus pollen as a possible chronostratigraphic marker in the Scottish early postglacial

Peaks of Pinus pollen inseveraldetailed early postglacial (Flandrian) pollen diagrams from western Scotland are interpreted as the result of a change in the prevailing wind direction and intensity during climatic amelioration following the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas). This origin implies a degree of syn-chroneity in this palynological feature, which if proven would be valuable in the poorly dated early postglacial. The absence of this palynological feature at many sites may be the result of poor sampling or stratigraphic resolution.     

Low-grade metamorphism

Diagenesis refers to those changes which take place in sediments after sedimentation but before lithification (the conversion to solid rock), while metamorphism is defined as the process whereby alterations to the composition, texture or mineralogy take place in consolidated rocks. However, the boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism is gradual/transitional and somewhat arbitrary; it cannot be sharply defined. A consequence of this is that studies of rocks affected by alteration at low temperatures and pressures have been neglected. Within the last decade, however, more attention has been focused on this type of alteration and significant advances have been made in the field of low-grade metamorphism, particularly over the last five years or so. The Caledonide rocks of Wales have been at the forefront of such investigations.