River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management

Low river flows are commonly controlled by river-aquifer exchange, the magnitude of which is governed by hydraulic properties of both aquifer and aquitard materials beneath the river. Low flows are often important ecologically. Numerical simulations were used to assess how textural heterogeneity of an alluvial system influences river seepage and low flows. The Cosumnes River in California was used as a test case. Declining fall flows in the Cosumnes River have threatened Chinook salmon runs. A ground water-surface water model for the lower river basin was developed, which incorporates detailed geostatistical simulations of aquifer heterogeneity. Six different realizations of heterogeneity and a homogenous model were run for a 3-year period. Net annual seepage from the river was found to be similar among the models. However, spatial distribution of seepage along the channel, water table configuration and the level of local connection, and disconnection between the river and aquifer showed strong variations among the different heterogeneous models. Most importantly, the heterogeneous models suggest that river seepage losses can be reduced by local reconnections, even when the regional water table remains well below the riverbed. The percentage of river channel responsible for 50% of total river seepage ranged from 10% to 26% in the heterogeneous models as opposed to 23% in the homogeneous model. Differences in seepage between the models resulted in up to 13 d difference in the number of days the river was open for salmon migration during the critical fall months in one given year.     

不列颠群岛北部及相邻劳伦和波罗的各地体的早元古代构造综述

本文运用Ｐｉｐｅｒ（１９７６）的劳伦和波罗的地体在格林威尔造山前拟合的修订方案，回顾了英国刘易斯期杂岩及邻区劳伦和波罗的早元古代造山带的构造。整个区内于１．９￣１．８Ｇａ期间在会聚方向上的明显一致性说明重建是正确的，并且表明北大西洋地区在早元古代期间经历了相同的运动型式。推测的该区２．６￣１．６Ｇａ期间的板块构造历史可划分为四个阶段。（１）２．６￣２．４Ｇａ；北大西洋克拉通内共轭剪切带系统的形成；     

侵蚀模型中的遍历理论

引言地貌学家用了20多年的时间先后建立了一些相当复杂的坡面侵蚀模型。例如,杨(Young.1972)总结了四类坡面演化模型:(1)根据直线后退建立的模型;(2)根据蠕动和流动机制建立的模型;(3)涉及形态相互作用的模型;(4)根据过程量测建立的模型。在前两个模型中,明显存在一种可以得出两个基本方程的逼近收敛性:(?)y/(?)t=-b((?)y/(?)x)。(1)式中 y 为高度;t 为时间:x 为位置,以距分水岭的长度来表示;b 为正常数。这个方程显然是描述坡面随时间变化而平行后退的现象,故 b 被称为“后退系数”。     

A first estimate of ground water ages for the deep aquifer of the Kathmandu Basin, Nepal, using the radioisotope chlorine-36

The Kathmandu Basin in Nepal contains up to 550 m of Pliocene-Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine sediments which have formed a dual aquifer system. The unconfined sand and gravel aquifer is separated by a clay aquitard, up to 200 m thick, from the deeper, confined aquifer, comprised of Pliocene sand and gravel beds, intercalated with clay, peat, and lignite. The confined aquifer currently provides an important water supply to the central urban area but there are increasing concerns about its sustainability due to overexploitation. A limited number of determinations of the radioisotope 36Cl have been made on bore waters in the basin, allowing us to postulate on the age of ground water in the deeper, confined aquifer. Ground water evolution scenarios based on radioisotope decay, gradual dissolution of formational salts as the ground waters move downgradient, and flow velocity estimations produce comparable ground water ages for the deep waters, ranging from 200,000 to 400,000 years. From these ages, we deduce a mean ground water flow velocity of only 45 mm/year from recharge in the northeast to the main extraction region 15 km to the southwest. We thus estimate current recharge at about 5 to 15 mm/year, contributing 40,000 to 1.2 million m3/year to the ground water system. Current ground water extraction is estimated to be 20 times this amount. The low specific discharge confirms that the resource is being mined, and, based on current projections, reserves will be used up within 100 years.