Impact of land use conversion on soil organic carbon stocks in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably with land use types. Grassland, forest, and cropland coexist in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China. Using SOC data compiled from literature and field investigations, this study compared SOC stocks and their vertical distributions among three types of ecosystems. The results indicate that grassland had the largest SOC stock, which was 1.5- and 1.8-folds more than stocks in forest and cropland, respectively. Relative to the stock in 0–100 cm depth, grassland held more than 40% of its SOC stock in the upper 20 cm soil layer; forest and cropland both held over 30% of their respective SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks in grazed grasslands were remarkably promoted after ≥20 years of grazing exclusion. Conservational cultivation substantially increased the SOC stocks in cropland, especially in the 0–40 cm depth. Stand ages, tree species, and forest types did not have obvious impacts on forest SOC stocks in the study area likely due to the younger stand ages. Our study implies that soil carbon loss should be taken into account during the implementation of ecological projects, such as reclamation and afforestation, in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.     

A coupled regional Arctic sea ice-ocean model: configuration and application

A regional sea ice-ocean coupled model for the Arctic Ocean was developed, based on the MITgcm ocean circulation model and classical Hibler79 type two categorythermodynamics-dynamics sea ice model. The sea ice dynamics and thermodynamicswere considered based on Viscous-Plastic (VP) and Winton three-layer models, respectively. A detailed configuration of coupled model has been introduced. Special attention has been paid to the model grid setup, subgrid paramerization, ice-ocean coupling and open boundary treatment. The coupled model was then applied and two test run examples were presented. The first model run was a climatology simulation with 10 years (1992?002) averaged NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data as atmospheric forcing. The second model run was a seasonal simulation for the period of 1992?007. The atmospheric forcing was daily NCAR/NCEP reanalysis. The climatology simulation captured the general pattern of the sea ice thickness distribution of the Arctic, i.e., the thickest sea ice is situated around the CanadaArchipelago and the north coast of the Greenland. For the second model run, themodeled September Sea ice extent anomaly from 1992?007 was highly correlated with the observations, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.88. Theminimum of the Arctic sea ice area in the September of 2007 was unprecedented. The modeled sea ice area and extent for this minimum was overestimated relative to the observations. However, it captured the general pattern of the sea ice retreat.     

厦门地震台重力仪同震响应特征分析

2007年9月,印度尼西亚发生8次强震,厦门地震台的重力仪都有同震响应。从面波延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了8次强震的同震响应特征。     

一种测试动三轴试样泊松比的方法

利用非接触式位移传感器研制了一套测量动三轴试样径向变形的装置。针对试样两端透水石对试样径向变形的约束,推导了对实测径向变形的修正关系。利用径向与轴向变形测量装置,就可以依据实测动三轴试样的轴向与径向变形确定其泊松比。通过橡胶、饱和细砂、饱和软粘土试样固结不排水动三轴试验与结果分析,说明利用这里提出的方法可以比较客观地确定动三轴试样的泊松比。这里的研究结果还表明,固结后的饱和三轴土样在不排水条件下受振动应力作用时,当其轴向动应变从10-5增大至10-3时,泊松比的变化基本为一常数,且与固结压力的大小无关,将其取为接近0.5是合理的。     

全风化花岗岩改良土路基的长期稳定性试验研究

全风化花岗岩用于高速公路填料已有成功的案例,但由于高速铁路路基变形控制更为严格,能否用于高速铁路路基填料还没有得到实体工程的验证。基于全风化花岗岩及其改良土的工程力学性质和变形特性,使用PMS-500型循环加载设备对全风化花岗岩改良土路基实体工程进行了现场循环加载试验研究,模拟分析了不同轴重列车荷载长期循环作用下浸水前后全风化花岗岩改良土路基的动态特性及沉降规律和其下雨前后路基性状变化。试验结果表明,全风化花岗岩改良土路基经过500万次列车模拟动荷载作用后,即使经历了如雨水长期浸饱路基的最为恶劣工况,最终沉降量不超过7.0 mm,证实了全风化花岗岩经过改良后能满足高速铁路变形控制的设计要求,可用于高速铁路的基床底层及路堤本体填料     

重庆市主城区岩溶地热水资源的形成与保护

随着重庆主城区温泉产业的迅速发展,地热开发的风险性和科学管理地热资源的难度加大。本文从热源、补径排条件、持温能力、矿物组分特征等方面对重庆主城区岩溶地热水资源的形成及特征进行了分析,为地热资源的开发和管理提供参考。主城区地热水资源的储量共计342.75×108m3,主要赋存于5大高隆起背斜的三叠系嘉陵江组灰岩,盖层为三叠系上统须家河组和侏罗系红色砂泥岩地层,下部隔热层为三叠系飞仙关组砂页岩。地热水热源主要来自地热增温,地热水补给源于大气降水。其形成过程为:大气降水在华蓥山、铜锣山、大娄山及各背斜槽谷的灰岩出露区下渗形成浅层地下水,部分浅层地下水顺灰岩岩层的孔隙裂隙向深部运移,同时地热水顺构造线方向向南或北倾没端径流,在运移过程中不断溶解和富集矿物盐及微量元素,并以传导型的地热增温方式提高深部循环水的温度,在河流深切峡谷地段或构造薄弱部位出露成泉,或以人工钻井形式排泄。热储层埋深较大,一般为2 000～2 500 m,地热水深部循环缓慢、形成周期长,年龄约8 000~17 000年。近年来,人类活动,特别是隧道开挖对地热水资源造成了严重的影响,建议加强地热资源开发的监管和环境保护,以确保地热资源的可持续利用。      

较低和较高围压下煤岩三轴试验及其塑性特征新表述

对煤岩进行了较低和较高多个围压下的常规三轴加卸载试验研究,给出了系统的试验成果。试验表明,较低围压下,卸载路径和加载路径几乎完全重合,煤岩应力-应变特性呈现明显的线弹性特征,并表现出一定的脆性破坏特性;而较高围压下,应力-应变呈现明显的非线性特征,卸载路径不再原路返回,呈明显的塑性变形特征。为了定量刻画煤岩的塑性硬化特性,提出了根据硬化参量的几何意义计算其值的方法,并选择累积塑性应变作为塑性硬化参量,计算了27 MPa围压下试验曲线的硬化参量,作为对比还计算了采用直接卸载法计算的该试验曲线的累积塑性应变值。结果发现,随着轴向变形逐渐增加,煤岩的塑性硬化逐渐增长,并且用该方法计算出的塑性硬化参量远大于用直接卸载法计算的结果。由于该方法完全符合路径积分的限制条件,因此,更加合理。     

山东雨季季内降水分型及旱涝并存与急转——气候特征

采用1965—2007年山东省地面测站的逐日降水量和同期NCEP日平均再分析资料,运用统计学方法,探讨了季内降水分型、季节内振荡及旱涝突变的气候特征。结果表明,主要分为全省一致Ⅰ、东西反相Ⅱ、南北反相Ⅲ三种类型。他们的季内旱涝急转显示了典型的气候意义,Ⅰ型在6月下旬旱涝急转、8月中旬后期和9月初涝旱急转,与山东“夏季”雨季开始、结束时间的关键期是一致的。分型不仅限于山东,而是有着更广的旱涝区域。当Ⅰ型正相位时500 hPa高度场对应亚欧-北太平洋中高纬度为正距平,Ⅱ型表现出西北太平洋西岸的PJ波列,Ⅲ型对应着从西太沿岸-美洲西岸的类PNA型遥相关。      

华池油田H152区开发中后期储层地质建模

华池油田H152区为低孔低渗油藏,已进入开发中后期.本文分析了华池油田长_3储层地质特征和沉积微相特征,认为其属于三角洲前缘和前三角洲亚相沉积,并详细分析了区内出现的三角洲前缘水下分流河道、分流河道间湾、河口坝、远沙坝和前三角洲泥等微相的岩性和电性特征.采用序贯指示模拟方法建立了研究区沉积微相,应用序贯高斯方法建立储层参数模型,为成功挖潜剩油提供依据.     

高速屏蔽层下广角地震波场分析及成像方法

在高速玄武岩屏蔽区进行勘探存在一定困难,本文以我国南 方典型靶区为例,提出了解决问题的方法. 首先从理论上探讨了广角地震信号存在的条件以 及在应用过程中所面临的问题. 利用正演理论模型分析了广角地震信号的运动学特征以及噪 声对广角反射的影响. 利用物理模型对广角地震的动力学特征、波场特征及动校拉伸现象进 行了分析. 在上述基础上,对广角地震数据作了精细处理,完成了玄武岩下的地震成像.