冬季山东半岛局地性降水气候的形成

冬季山东半岛存在局地性降水,利用1965-2009年地面、高空观测站气象资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了山东半岛局地性降水与西风指数、气温年际变化的关系,并探讨了其气候形成机理。结果表明,冬季风下冷、暖位相此消彼长,形成了半岛地域性降水气候,其中冷流降雪是冷位相时最具代表性的。这一局地气候现象,除半岛局地海洋条件外,环...     

Identification and characterization of 43 microsatellite markers derived from expressed sequence tags of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a commercially and ecologically important species in China. A total of 3056 potential unigenes were generated after assembling 7597 A. japonicus expressed sequence tags (ESTs) downloaded from Gen-Bank. Two hundred and fifty microsatellite-containing ESTs (8.18%) and 299 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. The average density of SSRs was 1 per 7.403 kb of EST after redundancy elimination. Di-nucleotide repeat motifs appeared to be the most abundant type with a percentage of 69.90%. Of the 126 primer pairs designed, 90 amplified the expected products and 43 showed polymorphism in 30 individuals tested. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 26 with an average of 7.0 alleles, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.067 to 1.000 and from 0.066 to 0.959, respectively. These new EST-derived microsatellite markers would provide sufficient polymorphism for population genetic studies and genome mapping of this sea cucumber species.     

低碳旅游发展的困境与对策

低碳旅游尚处于起步阶段,发展中遇到了诸多困境。该文纵览国内外相关理论研究与实践结果,从旅游者碳排放认知、旅游业碳足迹测度和碳补偿措施有效性等方面,梳理与分析了低碳旅游发展的困境。提出理论上应从澄清相关概念、界定旅游业系统、统一碳足迹测度口径、旅游业碳排放影响等方面加强研究,实践上应从政府领导、主体参与、重点领域突破、多重措施并举等方面建立低碳旅游实施机制,以期丰富旅游环境研究视角,为我国低碳旅游发展提供理论指导和实践参考。     

Stock discrimination of spottedtail goby (Synechogobius ommaturus) in the Yellow Sea by analysis of otolith shape

Otolith shape is species specific and is an ideal marker of fish population affiliation. In this study, otolith shape of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus is used to identify stocks in different spawning locations in the Yellow Sea. The main objectives of this study are to explore the potential existence of local stocks of spottedtail goby in the Yellow Sea by analysis of otolith shape, and to investigate ambient impacts on otolith shape. Spottedtail goby was sampled in five locations in the Yellow Sea in 2007 and 2008. Otoliths are described using variables correlated to size (otolith area, perimeter, length, width, and weight) and shape (rectangularity, circularity, and 20 Fourier harmonics). Only standardized otolith variables are used so that the effect of otolith size on the shape variables could be eliminated. There is no significant difference among variables of sex, year, and side (left and right). However, the otolith shapes of the spring stocks and the autumn stocks differ significantly. Otolith shape differences are greater among locations than between years. Correct classification rate of spottedtail goby with the otolith shape at different sampling locations range from 29.7%–77.4%.     

Otolith chemical signatures of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus in coastal waters of China

This study explores the potential existence of local stocks of Synechogobius ommaturus using otolith chemical signatures. The concentrations of 10 elements (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Sr, Pb, Ba, Mn, Co, Zn) in the otoliths from eight stocks (Dandong, Dalian, Tianjin, Dongying, Weihai, Qingdao, Ganyu and Xiamen) of S. ommaturus were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and regressed against otolith weight. No significant correlation between otolith weight and concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Co, Ba, Zn and Pb were observed. Concentrations of K and Mn were correlated with otolith weight. Consequently, the residuals of the regressions were used instead of the original concentrations in subsequent analyses. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant difference between males and females in otolith chemical signatures. Differences were found among the locations for K, Sr, Mn, Co, Ba, Pb, but not for Ca, Na, Mg and Zn. Residuals of the regressions of elemental concentrations against otolith weight that fitted the normal distribution and homogeneity were studied by discriminant analysis. The success of the discriminant function to predict the location of S. ommaturus capture ranged from 100% for Weihai and Xiamen stocks, to only 44.4% and 62.5% for Qingdao and Dandong stocks, respectively. The average prediction success was 80.3%.     

Estimation of land production and its response to cultivated land conversion in North China Plain

Food safety and its related influencing factors in China are the hot research topics currently, and cultivated land conversion is one of the significant factors influencing food safety in China. Taking the North China Plain as the study area, this paper examines the changes of cultivated land area using satellite images, estimates land productivity from 1985 to 2005 using the model of Estimation System for Land Productivity (ESLP), and analyzes the impact of cultivated land conversion on the land production. Compared with the grain yield data from statistical yearbooks, the results indicate that ESLP model is an effective tool for estimating land productivity. Land productivity in the North China Plain showed a slight decreasing trend from 1985 to 2005, spatially, increased from the north to the south gradually, and the net changes varied in different areas. Cultivated land area recorded a marginal decrease of 8.0 × 10⁵ ha, mainly converted to other land uses. Cultivated land conversion had more significant negative impacts on land production than land productivity did. Land production decreased by about 6.48 × 10⁶ t caused by cultivated land conversion between 1985 and 2005, accounting for 91.9% of the total land production reduction. Although the land productivity increased in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, it can not offset the overall adverse effects caused by cultivated land conversion. Therefore, there are significant meanings to control the cultivated land conversion and improve the land productivity for ensuring the land production in the North China Plain.     

论不同构造煤类型煤层气开发

我国构造煤类型多,分布广泛,蕴含的煤层气资源量大,探明率低,开发难度大.本文在野外和实验室综合研究基础上,提出适合于煤层气资源开发的“描述+成因”的构造煤分类方案,按照固结类型将构造煤划分为未固结构造煤、固结构造煤两大类,及其对应的碎散煤、脆性煤和韧性煤3个系列,各种类型的构造煤依照形状或特殊结构构造进一步加以描述区分.不同类型的构造煤组合具有较明显的横向和垂向含气分带性特征,形成典型的构造非均质性煤层气藏.我国低煤阶构造煤和中高煤阶构造煤的发育情况与区域大地构造发生和演变具有相关性.构造煤煤层气开发更加强调系统论思想和配套技术集成开发,根据构造煤发育强度及赋存状态的差异,开发对象包括煤层、顶底板和夹矸(薄夹层)等含煤岩系;根据不同的开发对象,应有针对性地选用包括增温驱气等系统配套技术进行勘探开发.     

某土石坝心墙料和坝基料动模量阻尼特性的试验研究

土石坝震害将导致严重后果,目前国内外修筑于地震区的土石坝在抗震设计时都进行了动力分析。室内动力试验提供土石料可靠的动强度和动力参数是土石坝地震动力分析准确性的关键。水牛家心墙土石坝坝高100多米,大坝设防烈度9度,采用动三轴仪,对其坝基②层细砂砾料和心墙防渗土料进行大量的动力特性试验研究,分析两种土料的动模量阻尼特性,并简述其影响因素。分析试验结果有：使用一个试样完成三个不同的围压力?3c或固结比Kc,与《土工试验规程》推荐方法相比,大大减小了试验和分析工作量, 且有相当的规律性和准确程度;动模量阻尼比的主要影响因素是动应变幅、围压力、固结主应力比、孔隙比等。动应变水平影响动模量阻尼成倍增减,动模量随围压力?3c增减而增减,阻尼比D随?3c的升高而略有减小,动模量和阻尼比随固结比Kc增减而增减,Kc从1到2可使心墙土料的Edmax增加60％左右;土类不同,模量阻尼也不尽相同。水牛家心墙料的动模量较高,阻尼比较小,不易产生动力破坏。     

小尺度地形因子对农地土壤质量的影响研究

地形差异是土地利用结构和空间分布格局分异的重要影响因子,也是土地质量的重要参评因素.选择泰山东麓多种地貌类型过渡区,利用数字高程模型(DEM)提取研究区坡度、高程等地形因子信息,通过GIS空间分析划分研究区农地土壤质量等级,利用SPSS统计分析高程、坡度等地形因子对土壤质量的影响.结果表明:土壤质量等级随地形变化呈规律性演替,坡度和高程与土壤质量呈极显著相关关系,且坡度对土壤质量的影响大于高程;随着坡度的上升,土壤质量分值呈抛物线趋势,而随着高程的上升,土壤质量呈降低趋势,且各高程段内不同坡度等级土壤质量分值也呈抛物线走势;土壤质量的最高分值位于坡度2°～5°、高程0～150 m的地形部位.     

南京市旅游流网络结构构建

借助社会网络理论和方法, 研究了城市旅游流网络结构特征、城市旅游流网络结构评价指标体系, 并对南京市旅游流网络结构进行了实证分析。南京市旅游空间网络中, 所选取 的16 个旅游节点中平均每个旅游节点与5.19 个其他节点存在着旅游流集聚与辐射联系; 平均每个旅游节点充当旅游流中介者次数为6.07, 旅游节点之间距离相互联系比较紧密。但各旅游节点之间分布不十分均衡, 夫子庙秦淮风光带、钟山风景区、新街口、总统府、侵华日军南京大屠杀纪念馆等处于核心点, 旅游网络中集聚和辐射功能都很强, 且结构洞水平较高, 拥有更多的竞争机会和非替代性区位优势, 但可能会造成严重的旅游流瓶颈问题。南京市旅游空间网络密度不是很高(0.35), 旅游空间网络中存在着明显的结构分层, 其中共有7 个旅游节点成为核心区的成员, 核心区内部成员间联结密度达0.81, 形成了强中心线型结构。同时, 根据Dianne Dredge 提出的旅游目的地3 种空间结构模型, 结合南京市旅游空间网络结构特征, 判定了南京市城市旅游空间发展阶段及布局模式为发展阶段的多节点布局模式。最后, 指出了旅游流网络结构构建和评价中存在的问题以及在城市旅游可持续发展研究中的应用前景。