A Review of the Scientific Assessment and Research on Household Carbon Emission

Household consumption represents an important proportion of all energy consumption,and it is an important source of CO₂ emission. But household consumption and carbon emissions are often overlooked in climate change policies and measures. Through literature review, the research status of household consumption and carbon emissions were reviewed. On this basis, the main aspects and directions of the research are summarized and the main research of household carbon emissions should focus on three aspects in the future: ①The impact of income, consumption levels and other factors on household carbon emission; ②The relationship between direct and indirect carbon emissions of household carbon emission; ③The structure and source of household carbon emission. In future research, there are four issues which need in-depth study: ①Index and models study of household carbon emissions;②Impact of demographic change on household carbon emissions; ③The path of how to achieve sustainable and green urban lifestyle;④The relevant policy research of household carbon emissions.     

准噶尔盆地周缘造山带裂变径迹研究及其地质意义

通过对准噶尔盆地东西两侧造山带地质剖面观察、系统裂变径迹测年与热演化模拟结果分析,并结合前人研究结果,准噶尔盆地周缘造山带中,主要经历了中生代晚期构造热事件。通过裂变径迹分析对比,准噶尔盆地两侧造山带具有不同的隆升历史,盆地西北缘早于东部隆升,隆升速率亦大于东部。准噶尔盆地西北缘自白垩纪以来经历了由准噶尔盆地边缘向扎伊尔山先后依次隆升事件,表明了准噶尔西北缘逆冲断裂系向盆内后展式逆冲推覆。准噶尔盆地东西两侧造山带岩石裂变径迹数据均反映了白垩纪以来的冷却隆升事件,充分证实了燕山晚期构造运动在准噶尔地区的普遍存在,为详细研究燕山期新疆北部陆内构造活动提供了证据。     

我国二氧化碳排放的区域分析

利用我国能源统计数据,对我国及各省区的CO2排放总量、排放强度、人均排放量和排放密度进行了计算。通过分析发现我国CO2排放具有较为明显的东西部差异,总体表现为东部发达省区排放总量大、排放强度低、人均排放多、排放密度高的特点,而中西部尤其是西部地区则表现出相反的特征。在分析我国CO2排放区域特征的基础上,分析出现以上地域差异的主要原因,并针对区域减排行动可能存在的问题进行了探讨,提出以省区为单位,降低排放强度可以取得实际的、可跟踪的减排效果,但需要考虑到全国各省区在功能定位、减排成本、资源环境条件等方面的差别,以及建立基于技术与资金合作的联合减排机制的可行性和障碍等因素。     

The BLAST-CODE model - A Computer-Aided Bench Blast Design and Simulation System

Blast design is a critical factor dominating fragmentation and cost of actual bench blasts. However, due to the varying nature of rock properties and geology as well as free surface conditions, reliable theoretic formulae are still unavailable at present and in most cases blast design is carried out by personal experience. As an effort to find a more scientific and reliable tool for blast design, a computer-aided bench blast design and simulation system, the BLAST-CODE model, is developed for Shuichang surface mine, Mining Industry Company of the Capital Iron and Steel Corporation Beijing. The BLAST-CODE model consists of a database representing geological and topographical conditions of the mine and the modules Frag + and Disp + for blast design and prediction of resultant fragmentation and displacement of rock mass. The two modules are established in accordance with cratering theory qualitatively and modified quantitatively by regression of the data collected from 85 bench blasting practices conducted in 3 mines of the Shuichang surface mine. Blasting parameters are selected based upon quantitative and comprehensive evaluation on the effect of the factors such as rock properties, geology, free surface conditions and detonation characteristics of the explosive products in use. In order to ensure practicality and reliability of the system, the BLAST-CODE model allows automatic adjustment to the selected parameters such as burden B and spacing S as well as explosive charge amount Q of any blasthole under irregular topographic and/or varying blastability conditions of the rock mass to be blasted. Simulation of the BLAST-CODE model includes prediction of fragmentation and displacement that are demonstrated in terms of swell factor, characteristic rock size x c and size distribution coefficient n by Rossin-Ramler's equation, and 3-dimentional muck pile profile. The BLAST-CODE model also permits interactive parameter selection based on comparison of the predicted fragmentation and displacement as well as the cost for drilling, explosives, and accessories until the most effective option can be selected.     

The Zoulang Nanshan Caledonian Subduct ion Complex in the Northern Qilian Mountains and Its Dynamics

The front of the Zoulang Nanshan Caledonian volcanic island arc zone in the northern Qilian Mountains is a forearc accretionary terrane, composed of multiple accretionary volcanic island arcs, flysch accretionary wedges,high-pressure metamorphosed detachment zones and remnants of ophiolites. It resulted from the northeastward subduction of the Early Palaeozoic Qilan oceanic crust beneath the Alxa block. High-pressure metamorphism, which occurred during the subduction, progressed through three stages: the initial stage of medium T-high P,the main stage of temperature decrease and pressure increase, and the lag stage of pressure decrease and temperature increase. Finally the paper presents a retrotrench subduction dynamic model indicative of northward subduction of the central Qilian block and southward accretion of the Alxa block during the period of 450-500 Ma.     

Direct generation of solar and stellar radio bursts by energetic electron maser

A fully relativistic electron maser is proposed for the explanation of certain non-thermal solar and stellar radio bursts. This mechanism (maser synchrotron) is based on a gyroresonant interaction between waves and electrons of high energies and uses the free energy contained in an electronic distribution function that peaks for energies around 1 MeV.By a calculation of the growth rates of the three electromagnetic modes, we show that the X-mode prevails for values of _p/ _cup to 2 or 3. This result is very different from the standard cyclotron maser case where such values of _p/ _clead to quench the X-mode growth. Hence, the synchrotron maser instability appears to be a direct and efficient amplification process for considerably larger physical conditions than the cyclotron maser. In addition, the radiation, emitted over the second gyroharmonic, freely propagates without a strong reabsorbtion at the 2 _clayer. All these points can constitute major advantages of this mechanism in an astrophysical context.Proceedings of the Second CESRA Workshop on Particle Acceleration and Trapping in Solar Flares, held at Aubigny-sur-Nère (France), 23–26 June, 1986.     

ENSO indices from sea surface salinity observed by Aquarius and Argo

Analysis of the first 26 months of data from the Aquarius satellite confirms the existence of a sharp sea surface salinity (SSS) front along the equator in the western equatorial Pacific. Following several earlier studies, we use the longitudinal location of the 34.8-psu isohaline as an index, termed Niño-S34.8, to measure the zonal displacement of the SSS front and consequently the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool. The on-going collection of the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) program data shows high correlations between Niño-S34.8 and the existing indices of El Niño, suggesting its potential important role in ENSO evolution. Further analysis of the ARGO data reveals that SSS variability in the southeastern tropical Pacific is crucial to identify the type of El Niño. A new SSS index, termed the southeastern Pacific SSS index (SEPSI), is defined based on the SSS variability in the region (0°–10°S, 150°–90°W). The SEPSI is highly correlated with the El Niño Modoki index, as well as the Trans-Niño index, introduced by previous studies. It has large positive anomalies during central Pacific El Niño or El Niño Modoki events, as a result of enhanced zonal sea surface temperature gradients between the central and eastern tropical Pacific, and can be used to characterize the type of El Niño. The processes that possibly control these SSS indices are also discussed.     

前苏联七十年海冰研究回顾

本文简要介绍了前苏联近七十年来海冰研究的主要成果及其采用的一些预报方法。     

An Review of International Climate Change Conference and Analysis on Recent Hot Issues

The international climate change negotiation has been carried out over 20 years. The issue of climate change has shifted from a scientific question into a complex political matter which is related to the sustainable development of mankind. Based on the overview of major processes and stages of international climate conferences, this paper analyzed the key measures that major countries have taken to address climate change, as well as the primary tasks of Paris climate conference and recent international actions. The recent international climate policy issues were also analyzed in order to provide suggestions for China’s activel participation in the development of a new round of international climate change system.